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Long-Term Monitoring of Carbon Dynamics and Mangrove Health Using Remote Sensing: A Study of Balikpapan Bay, Indonesia

ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences · Vol. 31 No. 2 (2026) · pp. 195–208

DOI
10.14710/ik.ijms.31.2.195-208
ISSN
2406-7598, 0853-7291
Published
2026-06-10
Publisher
Marine Science Department Diponegoro University
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

Mangrove ecosystems provide critical ecological services, including supporting coastal fisheries, protecting shorelines, and functioning as significant carbon sinks within the global carbon cycle. These ecosystems play a substantial role in climate change mitigation, as they are capable of sequestering up to three times more carbon dioxide (CO₂) than terrestrial forests. Given increasing anthropogenic pressures and environmental change, continuous monitoring of mangrove health is essential to sustain these ecological functions and ecosystem services. Remote sensing technology offers a cost-effective and efficient approach for large-scale assessment, spatial analysis, and long-term monitoring of mangrove conditions. This study utilized cloud-free Landsat-8 imagery from 2013 to 2020 to evaluate mangrove health in Balikpapan Bay using the Mangrove Health Index (MHI), which classifies conditions into three categories: excellent, moderate, and poor. Carbon storage was estimated using a model integrating vegetation indices with Above-Ground Carbon (AGC). The results revealed a fluctuating yet overall positive trend in mangrove health, with the “excellent” category increasing by 1.023% (174.78 ha), while the “poor” category decreased by 1.098% (187.67 ha) over the study period. AGC values exhibited a comparable pattern, reaching a peak of 375.54 Mg.ha-1 in 2018 (mean: 125.85 Mg.ha-1). A strong positive correlation (r = 0.994) was observed between estimated mangrove health and AGC values, indicating that healthier mangrove ecosystems possess greater carbon sequestration potential. These findings highlight the importance of sustained monitoring and adaptive management strategies to support mangrove conservation and strengthen their contribution to climate change mitigation at regional and landscape management and policy scales.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 168 co-authorship links · 24 across different organisations · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • National Research and Innovation Agency
  • Universitas Gadjah Mada
  • Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space
  • University of Indonesia
  • Diponegoro University
  • Hasanuddin University
  • Udayana University
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Gathot WinarsoNational Research and Innovation Agency6
Kholifatul AzizNational Research and Innovation Agency4
Abd. Rahman As-syakurUdayana University4
Agung Dwi WijayaNational Research and Innovation Agency4
Wiji PrasetioNational Research and Innovation Agency4
Ratih DewantiNational Research and Innovation Agency4
Kustiyo KustiyoIndonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space3
Muhammad DimyatiUniversity of Indonesia3
Projo DanoedoroUniversitas Gadjah Mada2
Masita Dwi Mandini ManessaAffiliation unknown2
Novi Susetyo AdiAffiliation unknown2
Mohammad Syamsu RosidAffiliation unknown2
Takahiro OsawaAffiliation unknown2
Wikanti AsriningrumAffiliation unknown2
Harsono SupardjoAffiliation unknown2
Hartono HartonoDiponegoro University1
Aswar SyafnurHasanuddin University1
Fathurrahman ApriliansyahAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad Ulin NuhaAffiliation unknown1
Aulia Try AtmojoAffiliation unknown1
Putu Satya Pratama AtmajaAffiliation unknown1
I Ketut Aditya Krisna LaharjanaAffiliation unknown1
Mike Van KeulenAffiliation unknown1
Hartono HartonoAffiliation unknown1
Nurul Sri RahatiningtyasUniversity of Indonesia1
Babag PurbantoroAffiliation unknown1
Triarko NurlambangAffiliation unknown1
Dewanti Aisyah LegowoAffiliation unknown1
Ahmad FakhruddinAffiliation unknown1
Grizzly Pradipta Singhasana EnshitoAffiliation unknown1
Atriyon JulzarikaIndonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space1
K KayatAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijms/oai, first harvested 8 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Long-Term Monitoring of Carbon Dynamics and Mangrove Health Using Remote Sensing: A Study of Balikpapan Bay, Indonesia</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Suardana, A. A. Md. Ananda Putra</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Anggraini, Nanin</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Setyaningrum, Nugraheni</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Nandika, Muhammad Rizki</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ulfa, Azura</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ginting, Devica Natalia Br</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Setiawan, Kuncoro Teguh</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Dimyati, Ratih Dewanti</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Mangrove; Landsat–8; Above Ground Carbon; Mangrove Health Index</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Mangrove ecosystems provide critical ecological services, including supporting coastal fisheries, protecting shorelines, and functioning as significant carbon sinks within the global carbon cycle. These ecosystems play a substantial role in climate change mitigation, as they are capable of sequestering up to three times more carbon dioxide (CO₂) than terrestrial forests. Given increasing anthropogenic pressures and environmental change, continuous monitoring of mangrove health is essential to sustain these ecological functions and ecosystem services. Remote sensing technology offers a cost-effective and efficient approach for large-scale assessment, spatial analysis, and long-term monitoring of mangrove conditions. This study utilized cloud-free Landsat-8 imagery from 2013 to 2020 to evaluate mangrove health in Balikpapan Bay using the Mangrove Health Index (MHI), which classifies conditions into three categories: excellent, moderate, and poor. Carbon storage was estimated using a model integrating vegetation indices with Above-Ground Carbon (AGC). The results revealed a fluctuating yet overall positive trend in mangrove health, with the “excellent” category increasing by 1.023% (174.78 ha), while the “poor” category decreased by 1.098% (187.67 ha) over the study period. AGC values exhibited a comparable pattern, reaching a peak of 375.54 Mg.ha-1 in 2018 (mean: 125.85 Mg.ha-1). A strong positive correlation (r = 0.994) was observed between estimated mangrove health and AGC values, indicating that healthier mangrove ecosystems possess greater carbon sequestration potential. These findings highlight the importance of sustained monitoring and adaptive management strategies to support mangrove conservation and strengthen their contribution to climate change mitigation at regional and landscape management and policy scales.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Marine Science Department Diponegoro University</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-06-10</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
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	<dc:identifier>https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijms/article/view/72287</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.14710/ik.ijms.31.2.195-208</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences; Vol 31, No 2 (2026): Ilmu Kelautan; 195-208</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2406-7598</dc:source>
	<dc:source>0853-7291</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijms/article/view/72287/pdf</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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