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Acute and chronic lead exposure and intelligence quotient among Indonesian adolescents: a cross-sectional study

International Journal of Public Health Science · Vol. 15 No. 1 (2026) · pp. 208–215

DOI
10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26914
ISSN
2620-4126, 2252-8806
Published
2026-03-05
Publisher
Intelektual Pustaka Media Utama
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

Lead exposure is a persistent environmental health concern that can impair cognitive function in adolescents. Therefore, this study aims to examine the association between acute and chronic lead exposure and intelligence quotient (IQ) scores among Indonesian adolescents. A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 39 adolescents who were chosen through purposive sampling. Acute exposure was assessed using blood lead levels(n = 15), while chronic exposure was evaluated with hair lead levels(n = 24). IQ was measured using WAIS administered by a licensed psychologist, while associations between the variables were examined utilizing the Chi-square test. The results revealed that chronic lead exposure was significantly linked to below-average IQ (OR = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.07-3.36), while acute exposure had a weaker relationship (OR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.13-0.89; p = 0.022). These results indicated the importance of long-term environmental exposure control.

Collaboration network of the authors

7 authors · 21 co-authorship links

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Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Dewi SarohAffiliation unknown4
Ratna SetyaningrumAffiliation unknown2
Chusnul ChotimahAffiliation unknown2
PurwatiAffiliation unknown2
Tri HarningsihAffiliation unknown2

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://ijphs.iaescore.com/index.php/IJPHS/oai, first harvested 8 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Acute and chronic lead exposure and intelligence quotient among Indonesian adolescents: a cross-sectional study</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Dewi, Noviana</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Susilowati, Indah Tri</dc:creator>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Lead exposure is a persistent environmental health concern that can impair cognitive function in adolescents. Therefore, this study aims to examine the association between acute and chronic lead exposure and intelligence quotient (IQ) scores among Indonesian adolescents. A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 39 adolescents who were chosen through purposive sampling. Acute exposure was assessed using blood lead levels(n = 15), while chronic exposure was evaluated with hair lead levels(n = 24). IQ was measured using WAIS administered by a licensed psychologist, while associations between the variables were examined utilizing the Chi-square test. The results revealed that chronic lead exposure was significantly linked to below-average IQ (OR = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.07-3.36), while acute exposure had a weaker relationship (OR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.13-0.89; p = 0.022). These results indicated the importance of long-term environmental exposure control.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Intelektual Pustaka Media Utama</dc:publisher>
	<dc:contributor xml:lang="en-US">Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Nasional</dc:contributor>
	<dc:date>2026-03-05</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
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	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://ijphs.iaescore.com/index.php/IJPHS/article/view/26914</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.11591/ijphs.v15i1.26914</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS); Vol 15, No 1: March 2026; 208-215</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2620-4126</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2252-8806</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.11591/ijphs.v15i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://ijphs.iaescore.com/index.php/IJPHS/article/view/26914/14712</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://ijphs.iaescore.com/index.php/IJPHS/article/downloadSuppFile/26914/5200</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://ijphs.iaescore.com/index.php/IJPHS/article/downloadSuppFile/26914/5201</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 Noviana Dewi, Indah Tri Susilowati</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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