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Molar Ratio Comparison of Ti-Zr as Catalyst Support of Bentonite in Esterification Reaction

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis · Vol. ume (2025) · pp. 156–165

DOI
10.9767/bcrec.20258
ISSN
1978-2993
Published
2025-04-30
Publisher
Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

Natural bentonite from Pacitan - Indonesia as a support in the preparation of Ti and Zr-pillared metal catalysts (Ti-Zr/bent) for esterification reaction were studied. The preparation of Ti-Zr/bent catalyst was prepared to find out the effect of molar ratios (Ti:Zr) where an investigation was performed in the esterification of waste cooking oil. The catalyst was varied as follows: 0.5:1 (Ti-Zr-1/bent), 1:1 (Ti-Zr-2/bent), 1.5:1 (Ti-Zr-3/bent), 2:1 (Ti-Zr-4/bent), and 5:1 (Ti-Zr-5/bent) were used to determine the yield. The reaction was carried out for 3 hours at 150°C and a pressure of 40 bar N2 gasses. The result of the Ti-Zr/bent catalyst was given increasing significantly for surface area of 133–147 m²/g compares to bentonite 27 m²/g and 10 times of acidity. The best catalyst was shown in 2:1 of ratio Ti:Zr (molar) on esterification reaction with succesfuly performed about 80.40% of yield. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 135 co-authorship links · 32 across different organisations · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • State University of Semarang
  • National Research and Innovation Agency
  • Sriwijaya University
  • Indonesian Institute of Sciences
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Adid Adep DwiatmokoNational Research and Innovation Agency9
Decky AvriliandaState University of Semarang4
Joni PrasetyoNational Research and Innovation Agency4
Robert Ronal WidjayaNational Research and Innovation Agency4
Hasanudin HasanudinSriwijaya University3
Muhammad Al MuttaqiiNational Research and Innovation Agency3
Agus YuwonoState University of Semarang2
Roni MaryanaIndonesian Institute of Sciences2
Wan Ryan AsriSriwijaya University2
Fitri HadiahSriwijaya University2
Novia NoviaSriwijaya University2
Sabar Pangihutan SimanungkalitIndonesian Institute of Sciences2
RahmawatiState University of Semarang1
Wiwik HidayatiState University of Semarang1
Ellianawati EllianawatiState University of Semarang1
Lutfia AgustinState University of Semarang1
Cepi KurniawanState University of Semarang1
Budi AstutiState University of Semarang1
Sungkowo SungkowoState University of Semarang1
Yuan Maylia RosantiState University of Semarang1
Rojja Maysa RohmahState University of Semarang1
Shinta HildaState University of Semarang1
Syiva Zakia AuliaState University of Semarang1
Devitri SulistyaningrumState University of Semarang1
Sri HaryaniState University of Semarang1
Nurul UnsaState University of Semarang1
Bambang Eko SusiloState University of Semarang1
Trida Ridho FarizState University of Semarang1
Sri SukaesihState University of Semarang1
Aditya MariantiState University of Semarang1
M. Faris Al HakimState University of Semarang1
Siti WahyuniState University of Semarang1
Virgania SariState University of Semarang1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/oai, first harvested 8 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Molar Ratio Comparison of Ti-Zr as Catalyst Support of Bentonite in Esterification Reaction</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Firmansyah, Sanji</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Agustian, Egi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Rinaldi, Nino</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Widiarti, Nuni</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Hanifah, Yuliza</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Maisaroh, Maisaroh</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Sulaswatty, Anny</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Bentonite; Esterification; Pillared clay; Sonication; Waste cooking oil</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Natural bentonite from Pacitan - Indonesia as a support in the preparation of Ti and Zr-pillared metal catalysts (Ti-Zr/bent) for esterification reaction were studied. The preparation of Ti-Zr/bent catalyst was prepared to find out the effect of molar ratios (Ti:Zr) where an investigation was performed in the esterification of waste cooking oil. The catalyst was varied as follows: 0.5:1 (Ti-Zr-1/bent), 1:1 (Ti-Zr-2/bent), 1.5:1 (Ti-Zr-3/bent), 2:1 (Ti-Zr-4/bent), and 5:1 (Ti-Zr-5/bent) were used to determine the yield. The reaction was carried out for 3 hours at 150°C and a pressure of 40 bar N2 gasses. The result of the Ti-Zr/bent catalyst was given increasing significantly for surface area of 133–147 m²/g compares to bentonite 27 m²/g and 10 times of acidity. The best catalyst was shown in 2:1 of ratio Ti:Zr (molar) on esterification reaction with succesfuly performed about 80.40% of yield. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
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	<dc:identifier>10.9767/bcrec.20258</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering &amp; Catalysis; 2025: BCREC Volume 20 Issue 1 Year 2025 (April 2025); 156-165</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1978-2993</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
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	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group</dc:rights>
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