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Heavy Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Well Water in Bantaeng Industrial Area

JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN (Journal of Environmental Health) · Vol. 18 No. 1si (2026) · pp. 94–101

DOI
10.20473/jkl.v18i1si.2026.94-101
ISSN
2540-881X, 1829-7285
Published
2026-06-21
Publisher
Universitas Airlangga
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

Abstract

Introduction: Groundwater wells provide the main supply of clean water in most areas, but they remain at risk of contamination from heavy metals, both naturally occurring and man-made. The current research was conducted to evaluate public health hazards resulting from ingestion of heavy metals through drinking water from wells, and suggest possible risk management strategies. Methods: Cross-sectional research was carried out in July 2025 in a community adjacent to the Bantaeng Industrial Area with twelve wells. Water samples were analyzed for nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and chromium (Cr). The health risk was assessed using Risk Quotient (RQ) by Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) methodology. Results and Discussion: The maximum concentration values were found to be 0.0194 mg/L for Ni, 0.5638 mg/L for Fe, and 0.0063 mg/L for Cr. The concentration of nickel (Ni) surpassed the quality criteria, whereas, in the case of iron (Fe), it was forecasted that it would surpass the threshold value within thirty years of exposure. Chromium (Cr) posed a health hazard in Dug Well 1 (RQ > 1). Conclusion: Well water in the study area has the potential to pose non-carcinogenic health risks, particularly due to relatively high levels of Ni and Fe, and RQ values exceeding safe thresholds at several points. Continued monitoring and risk-based intervention are recommended.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

21 authors · 52 co-authorship links · 4 across different organisations

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Hasanuddin University
  • Ehime University
  • Universitas Airlangga
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Aznaeni DuppaHasanuddin University1
Burhanudin BaharHasanuddin University1
Makmur SelomoHasanuddin University1
Maryam Uswatun HasanahHasanuddin University1
Aisyah Puspitasari SuhermanAffiliation unknown1
Ruslan La AneEhime University1
Agus Bintara BirawidaHasanuddin University1
Anwar MallongiHasanuddin University1
Steven SilalahiAffiliation unknown1
Nurlia SilaUniversitas Airlangga1
Melisa Pascawati TodinganAffiliation unknown1
Zaraswati DwyanaHasanuddin University1
Eymal Bahsar DemmalinoHasanuddin University1
ZaenabHasanuddin University1
Agus Bintara BirawidaHasanuddin University1
Nurhaedar JafarHasanuddin University1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/oai, first harvested 9 Nov 2026, last seen 9 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Heavy Metal Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Well Water in Bantaeng Industrial Area</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Jean Fadillah Warahmah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Anwar Mallogi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Erniwati Ibrahim</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Anwar Daud</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Suriah </dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Heavy Metals</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Health Risk</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Risk Quotient</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Risk Management</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Well Water</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Introduction: Groundwater wells provide the main supply of clean water in most areas, but they remain at risk of contamination from heavy metals, both naturally occurring and man-made. The current research was conducted to evaluate public health hazards resulting from ingestion of heavy metals through drinking water from wells, and suggest possible risk management strategies. Methods: Cross-sectional research was carried out in July 2025 in a community adjacent to the Bantaeng Industrial Area with twelve wells. Water samples were analyzed for nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and chromium (Cr). The health risk was assessed using Risk Quotient (RQ) by Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) methodology. Results and Discussion: The maximum concentration values were found to be 0.0194 mg/L for Ni, 0.5638 mg/L for Fe, and 0.0063 mg/L for Cr. The concentration of nickel (Ni) surpassed the quality criteria, whereas, in the case of iron (Fe), it was forecasted that it would surpass the threshold value within thirty years of exposure. Chromium (Cr) posed a health hazard in Dug Well 1 (RQ &amp;gt; 1). Conclusion: Well water in the study area has the potential to pose non-carcinogenic health risks, particularly due to relatively high levels of Ni and Fe, and RQ values exceeding safe thresholds at several points. Continued monitoring and risk-based intervention are recommended.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Airlangga</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-06-21</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/88177</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/jkl.v18i1si.2026.94-101</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN ; Vol. 18 No. 1si (2026): JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN; 94-101</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2540-881X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1829-7285</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/88177/38066</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>