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Reforming Ethical Policing in Indonesia: Legal Protection for Conscientious Objection and the Duty to Disobey Unlawful Orders

Jambe Law Journal · Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025) · pp. 839–869

DOI
10.22437/5w3e5821
ISSN
2598-795X, 2598-7925
Published
2025-12-31
Publisher
Faculty of Law, Jambi University
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstract

In the context of police institutions in Indonesia, members of the police force are often faced with a dilemma when receiving orders from superiors that have the potential to violate the law. On the one hand, there is an obligation to uphold the law and protect human rights. The conflict raises legal questions about the extent to which police officers in Indonesia are protected when they refuse or disobey unlawful orders, based on the principles of the right to conscientious objection and the duty to disobey. This study uses normative legal research and comparative doctrinal analysis to examine the conceptual underpinnings of these principles and evaluate institutional practice. Through an analysis of international legal instruments, national regulations, relevant case studies, and selected comparative materials, this article concludes that these two principles are an integral part of the development of a democratic, accountable, and human rights-oriented police institution in Indonesia, and therefore deserve comprehensive legal protection.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 99 co-authorship links · showing the 40 most connected

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Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Milda IstiqomahAffiliation unknown4
Rika KurniatyAffiliation unknown3
Wahbi RahmanAffiliation unknown3
Dhiana PuspitawatiAffiliation unknown3
Elisabeth Septin PuspoayuAffiliation unknown2
Adi KusumaningrumAffiliation unknown2
Sudarsono SudarsonoAffiliation unknown2
Ramalinggam RajamanickamAffiliation unknown2
Dedik BudiantaAffiliation unknown1
Wiwik HardaningsihAffiliation unknown1
As'ad SyaziliAffiliation unknown1
AisyahAffiliation unknown1
Sherin Angeli HarlimAffiliation unknown1
Rusdi EvizalAffiliation unknown1
Sudi PramonoAffiliation unknown1
Nandu DyanataAffiliation unknown1
Abdul Rachmad BudionoAffiliation unknown1
Tunggul AnshariAffiliation unknown1
M Nur SyafiuddinAffiliation unknown1
Rachmad Safa’atAffiliation unknown1
Istislam IstislamAffiliation unknown1
Dwi Edi WibowoAffiliation unknown1
Robert Lengkong WekuAffiliation unknown1
Noor Dzuhaidah OsmanAffiliation unknown1
Ariesta Wibisono AndityaAffiliation unknown1
Natalia MaharaniAffiliation unknown1
Priesty Yustika PutriAffiliation unknown1
Satria Unggul Wicaksana PrakasaAffiliation unknown1
Ikaningtyas IkaningtyasAffiliation unknown1
Fransiska A. SusantoAffiliation unknown1
M. Choirul HidayatAffiliation unknown1
Herman SuryokumoroAffiliation unknown1
Patricia Audrey RuslijantoAffiliation unknown1
Nur ChanifahAffiliation unknown1
Fines FatimahAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://jlj.unja.ac.id/index.php/home/oai, first harvested 9 Nov 2026, last seen 9 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Reforming Ethical Policing in Indonesia: Legal Protection for Conscientious Objection and the Duty to Disobey Unlawful Orders</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Riphat, Mohammad Fattah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Widagdo, Setyo</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Djatmika, Prija</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Madjid, Abdul</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Risyawan, Alief</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Right to Conscientious Objection</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Duty to Disobey</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Unlawful Orders</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Police Ethics</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Legal Protection</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">In the context of police institutions in Indonesia, members of the police force are often faced with a dilemma when receiving orders from superiors that have the potential to violate the law. On the one hand, there is an obligation to uphold the law and protect human rights. The conflict raises legal questions about the extent to which police officers in Indonesia are protected when they refuse or disobey unlawful orders, based on the principles of the right to conscientious objection and the duty to disobey. This study uses normative legal research and comparative doctrinal analysis to examine the conceptual underpinnings of these principles and evaluate institutional practice. Through an analysis of international legal instruments, national regulations, relevant case studies, and selected comparative materials, this article concludes that these two principles are an integral part of the development of a democratic, accountable, and human rights-oriented police institution in Indonesia, and therefore deserve comprehensive legal protection.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Faculty of Law, Jambi University</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://jlj.unja.ac.id/index.php/home/article/view/622</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.22437/5w3e5821</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Jambe Law Journal; Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025); 839-869</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2598-795X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2598-7925</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://jlj.unja.ac.id/index.php/home/article/view/622/118</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Jambe Law Journal</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>