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Spatial distribution of nutrients to determine soil fertility in mixed farming based on geostatistical Kriging

Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management · Vol. 12 No. 3 (2025) · pp. 7723–7738

DOI
10.15243/jdmlm.2024.120.7723
ISSN
2502-2458, 2339-076X
Published
2025-04-01
Publisher
Brawijaya University
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

Abstract

Soil fertility maps are vital tools in agriculture and land management, offering essential information for decision-makers. The availability of soil nutrients significantly impacts crop production. This study aimed to assess soil nutrient content and develop a soil fertility map for mixed farmland in the Banggai Islands region of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The research involved soil sampling at a depth of 0-20 cm from 60 random points, followed by laboratory analysis and geostatistical interpolation using the Kriging Semivariogram (Spherical) method in ArcGIS to create the soil fertility status map. Validation was conducted using absolute mean error (AME) and absolute error of variation (AVE). Results indicated that soil pH in the area ranged from slightly acidic to neutral, while organic C, nitrogen, and cation exchange capacity were evenly distributed but classified as low to medium fertility. Potassium levels were consistently low across the study area. Additionally, available phosphorus varied from low to very high, and base saturation was predominantly high to very high. By overlaying the nutrient distribution maps, three soil fertility categories, very low, low, and medium, were identified. These findings offer valuable insights into nutrient management and sustainable agricultural practices in the Banggai Islands, Central Sulawesi.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

13 authors · 19 co-authorship links · 3 across different organisations

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Universitas Halu Oleo
  • Universitas Tompotika Luwuk
  • IPB University
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Widiatmaka WidiatmakaAffiliation unknown2
Syartinilia SyartiniliaIPB University2
Irman FirmansyahIPB University2
Mihwan SataralUniversitas Tompotika Luwuk1
Luh SukariasihUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Muhammad AnasUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Mutia El KhairatAffiliation unknown1
- YaningsihAffiliation unknown1
Ansharullah AnsharullahUniversitas Halu Oleo1
La KarimunaAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://jdmlm.ub.ac.id/index.php/jdmlm/oai, first harvested 9 Nov 2026, last seen 9 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Spatial distribution of nutrients to determine soil fertility in mixed farming based on geostatistical Kriging   </dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Katili, Hidayat Arismunandar</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Sariani, Sariani</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ongky, Ongky</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Banggai Islands</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">fertility status</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">interpolation</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">nutrients</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Soil fertility maps are vital tools in agriculture and land management, offering essential information for decision-makers. The availability of soil nutrients significantly impacts crop production. This study aimed to assess soil nutrient content and develop a soil fertility map for mixed farmland in the Banggai Islands region of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The research involved soil sampling at a depth of 0-20 cm from 60 random points, followed by laboratory analysis and geostatistical interpolation using the Kriging Semivariogram (Spherical) method in ArcGIS to create the soil fertility status map. Validation was conducted using absolute mean error (AME) and absolute error of variation (AVE). Results indicated that soil pH in the area ranged from slightly acidic to neutral, while organic C, nitrogen, and cation exchange capacity were evenly distributed but classified as low to medium fertility. Potassium levels were consistently low across the study area. Additionally, available phosphorus varied from low to very high, and base saturation was predominantly high to very high. By overlaying the nutrient distribution maps, three soil fertility categories, very low, low, and medium, were identified. These findings offer valuable insights into nutrient management and sustainable agricultural practices in the Banggai Islands, Central Sulawesi.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Brawijaya University</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-04-01</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://jdmlm.ub.ac.id/index.php/jdmlm/article/view/17057</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15243/jdmlm.2024.120.7723</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management; Vol. 12 No. 3 (2025); 7723-7738</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2502-2458</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2339-076X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15243/jdmlm.2025.123</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://jdmlm.ub.ac.id/index.php/jdmlm/article/view/17057/1415</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>