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Evaluation and Its Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Inactivated Vaccine Candidate in K18-hACE2 Mice

Jurnal Medik Veteriner · Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025) · pp. 54–62

DOI
10.20473/jmv.vol8.iss1.2025.54-62
ISSN
2581-012X, 2615-7497
Published
2025-04-01
Publisher
Universitas Airlangga
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 requires effective vaccines to be developed. This study aimed to assess the impact of a SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine candidate in k18-hACE2 mice by monitoring their body weight, immune activation, and inflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. The study utilized k18-hACE2 mice expressing the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. The mice were administered the inactivated vaccine candidate compared with sham and vehicle. Body weight was monitored, and serum samples were collected to measure IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels using ELISA. Data were evaluated using SPSS statistical analysis software. The administration of the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine candidate in k18-hACE2 mice did not result in significant changes in body weight compared to the control group. Furthermore, the levels of IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were significantly reduced in the vaccinated mice compared to the control group, suggesting a dampening effect on the inflammatory response. This study demonstrates that the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine candidate has a minimal impact on the body weight of k18-hACE2 mice. Nevertheless, it successfully regulates the levels of IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, suggesting its safety and beneficial impact. These findings contribute to understanding the vaccine's efficacy and safety profile in vaccine development.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 240 co-authorship links · showing the 40 most connected

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  • Institut Teknologi Medan
  • Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Suwarno SuwarnoInstitut Teknologi Medan13
Nusdianto TriakosoAffiliation unknown10
Prima Ayu WibawatiAffiliation unknown8
Maya Nurwartanti YunitaAffiliation unknown7
Amung Logam SaputroAffiliation unknown7
Ratih Novita PrajaAffiliation unknown6
Wiwiek TyasningsihAffiliation unknown6
Aswin Rafif KhairullahAffiliation unknown6
Aditya YudhanaAffiliation unknown5
Iwan Sahrial HamidAffiliation unknown5
Kusnoto KusnotoAffiliation unknown5
Mufasirin MufasirinAffiliation unknown4
Muchammad YunusAffiliation unknown4
Eduardus Bimo AksonoAffiliation unknown4
Thomas Valentinus WidiyatnoAffiliation unknown4
Endang SuprihatiAffiliation unknown3
Mohammad Anam Al ArifAffiliation unknown3
RoziAffiliation unknown3
Putri Desi Wulan SariAffiliation unknown3
Annas SallehAffiliation unknown3
Bodhi AgustonoAffiliation unknown3
Hardany PrimarizkyAffiliation unknown3
Ratna DamayantiAffiliation unknown3
I Ketut SudianaUniversitas Pendidikan Ganesha2
Eko Agus SuyonoAffiliation unknown2
Arief BudimanAffiliation unknown2
Ulfah Juniarti SiregarAffiliation unknown2
Heni PuspitasariAffiliation unknown2

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JMV/oai, first harvested 9 Nov 2026, last seen 9 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Evaluation and Its Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Inactivated Vaccine Candidate in K18-hACE2 Mice</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>A'la, Rofiqul</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Rantam, Fedik Abdul</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Wijaya, Andi Yasmin</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Susilowati, Helen</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Kuncorojakti, Suryo</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Diyantoro, Diyantoro</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Aswin, Ahmad</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Rahmahani, Jola</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Suwanti, Lucia Tri</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Lukiswanto, Bambang Sektiari</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Yudaniayanti, Ira Sari</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Setiawan, Boedi</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">COVID-19</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">K18-hACE2</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">SARS-CoV-2</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">transgenic</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">vaccination</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 requires effective vaccines to be developed. This study aimed to assess the impact of a SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine candidate in k18-hACE2 mice by monitoring their body weight, immune activation, and inflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. The study utilized k18-hACE2 mice expressing the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. The mice were administered the inactivated vaccine candidate compared with sham and vehicle. Body weight was monitored, and serum samples were collected to measure IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels using ELISA. Data were evaluated using SPSS statistical analysis software. The administration of the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine candidate in k18-hACE2 mice did not result in significant changes in body weight compared to the control group. Furthermore, the levels of IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were significantly reduced in the vaccinated mice compared to the control group, suggesting a dampening effect on the inflammatory response. This study demonstrates that the SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine candidate has a minimal impact on the body weight of k18-hACE2 mice. Nevertheless, it successfully regulates the levels of IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, suggesting its safety and beneficial impact. These findings contribute to understanding the vaccine's efficacy and safety profile in vaccine development.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Airlangga</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-04-01</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JMV/article/view/59552</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/jmv.vol8.iss1.2025.54-62</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Jurnal Medik Veteriner; Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): April; 54-62</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2581-012X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2615-7497</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JMV/article/view/59552/32224</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2025 Rofiqul A'la, Fedik Abdul Rantam, Andi Yasmin Wijaya, Helen Susilowati, Suryo Kuncorojakti, Diyantoro Diyantoro, Ahmad Aswin, Jola Rahmahani, Lucia Tri Suwanti, Bambang Sektiari Lukiswanto, Ira Sari Yudaniayanti, Boedi Setiawan</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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