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Trypanosoma evansi as a Major Cause of Animal Trypanosomiasis: A Comprehensive Review

Jurnal Medik Veteriner · Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025) · pp. 455–477

DOI
10.20473/jmv.vol8.iss2.2025.455-477
ISSN
2581-012X, 2615-7497
Published
2025-10-01
Publisher
Universitas Airlangga
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

Abstract

Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi is a major protozoan illness that affects animals worldwide. It is also referred to as “surra” and affects a variety if wild and domestic animals such as sheep, cattle, goats, dogs, buffaloes, pigs, elephants, amongst others. In preparing this review, relevant scientific articles were searched on PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases using the keyword “Trypanosoma evansi AND animals”. T. evansi are carried by a vast number of hematophagous flies and are found in the extracellular and internal fluids of certain hosts. Trypanosomosis is mostly characterized by anemia, and the degree of anemia can typically be used as a gauge for the disease's severity. Trypanosomiasis compromises the host animal's immune system and its diagnosis is dependent on a number of factors such as thorough clinical examination, suitable sample collection, sample size, suitable diagnostic test performance, and logical interpretation of test results. The clinical manifestations of trypanosomiasis vary widely in both appearance and severity, ranging from neurological disturbances and skin plaques to vaginal enlargement. Hematophagous biting flies, including Tabanus, Haematopota, Glossina, Chrysops, Lyperosia, Stomoxys, and Hippobusca flies, contribute to the spread of trypanosomiasis. Four medications are primarily used to treat trypanosomiasis: quinapyramine, karetin, diminazene aceturate (Berenil), and melarsomine (cymelarsan). An efficient vaccination program is an additional technique for managing infectious diseases in addition to treatment. The most important step in curtailing the spread of trypanosomiasis caused by T. evansi is to stop its transmission by flies via physical and chemical methods.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 261 co-authorship links · showing the 40 most connected

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  • Universitas Syiah Kuala
  • Sebelas Maret University
  • Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Sri HidanahAffiliation unknown28
Soeharsono SoeharsonoAffiliation unknown15
Mustofa Helmi EffendiAffiliation unknown11
Imam MustofaAffiliation unknown8
Nenny HarijaniAffiliation unknown7
Muhammad Anam Al-ArifAffiliation unknown7
Sarmanu SarmanuAffiliation unknown7
Muchammad YunusAffiliation unknown7
Ratna DamayantiAffiliation unknown5
Agustono AgustonoSebelas Maret University4
Jola RahmahaniAffiliation unknown4
Bodhi AgustonoAffiliation unknown4
Wiwiek TyasningsihAffiliation unknown3
Erma SafitriAffiliation unknown3
Hery Djagat PurnomoAffiliation unknown2
Didik IndiarsoAffiliation unknown2
Hirlan HirlanAffiliation unknown2
RoziAffiliation unknown2
Putri Desi Wulan SariAffiliation unknown2
Eduardus Bimo AksonoAffiliation unknown2
Annas SallehAffiliation unknown2
Aprilia Ina Miftaqhul JannahPoliteknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JMV/oai, first harvested 9 Nov 2026, last seen 9 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Trypanosoma evansi as a Major Cause of Animal Trypanosomiasis: A Comprehensive Review</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Warsito, Sunaryo Hadi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Khairullah, Aswin Rafif </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Lamid, Mirni</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Al-Arif, Mohammad Anam</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Hermadi, Herry Agoes</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Lokapirnasari, Widya Paramita</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Kusala, Muhammad Khaliim Jati </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Wibowo, Syahputra</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ayuti, Siti Rani</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Wardhani, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Fauziah, Ima</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Yanestria, Sheila Marty</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Moses, Ikechukwu Benjamin </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Prasetyo, Agung</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Aryaloka, Suhita</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Fauzia, Kartika Afrida</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ahmad, Riza Zainuddin </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Kurniasih, Dea Anita Ariani </dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">fly</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">diseases</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">parasitemia</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Trypanosoma</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">trypanosomiasis</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi is a major protozoan illness that affects animals worldwide. It is also referred to as “surra” and affects a variety if wild and domestic animals such as sheep, cattle, goats, dogs, buffaloes, pigs, elephants, amongst others. In preparing this review, relevant scientific articles were searched on PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases using the keyword “Trypanosoma evansi AND animals”. T. evansi are carried by a vast number of hematophagous flies and are found in the extracellular and internal fluids of certain hosts. Trypanosomosis is mostly characterized by anemia, and the degree of anemia can typically be used as a gauge for the disease's severity. Trypanosomiasis compromises the host animal's immune system and its diagnosis is dependent on a number of factors such as thorough clinical examination, suitable sample collection, sample size, suitable diagnostic test performance, and logical interpretation of test results. The clinical manifestations of trypanosomiasis vary widely in both appearance and severity, ranging from neurological disturbances and skin plaques to vaginal enlargement. Hematophagous biting flies, including Tabanus, Haematopota, Glossina, Chrysops, Lyperosia, Stomoxys, and Hippobusca flies, contribute to the spread of trypanosomiasis. Four medications are primarily used to treat trypanosomiasis: quinapyramine, karetin, diminazene aceturate (Berenil), and melarsomine (cymelarsan). An efficient vaccination program is an additional technique for managing infectious diseases in addition to treatment. The most important step in curtailing the spread of trypanosomiasis caused by T. evansi is to stop its transmission by flies via physical and chemical methods.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Airlangga</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-10-01</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
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	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JMV/article/view/63985</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/jmv.vol8.iss2.2025.455-477</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Jurnal Medik Veteriner; Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): October; 455-477</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2581-012X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2615-7497</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JMV/article/view/63985/34065</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JMV/article/view/63985/35272</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2025 Sunaryo Hadi Warsito, Aswin Rafif  Khairullah, Mirni Lamid, Mohammad Anam Al-Arif, Herry Agoes Hermadi, Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari, Muhammad Khaliim Jati  Kusala, Syahputra Wibowo, Siti Rani Ayuti, Bantari Wisynu Kusuma  Wardhani, Ima Fauziah, Sheila Marty Yanestria, Ikechukwu Benjamin  Moses, Agung Prasetyo, Suhita Aryaloka, Kartika Afrida Fauzia, Riza Zainuddin  Ahmad, Dea Anita Ariani  Kurniasih</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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