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Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, and Metabolite Profiling of Kalanchoe Ceratophylla Haw. Leaf Ethanol Extract

Molekul: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia · Vol. 21 No. 1 (2026) · pp. 119–131

DOI
10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.17066
ISSN
2503-0310, 1907-9761
Published
2026-03-31
Publisher
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
Language
eng

Abstract

ABSTRACT. Kalanchoe ceratophylla Haw. is a species from the Crassulaceae genus known for its various pharmacological benefits, including antioxidant and antidiabetic effects, due to the high contents of flavonoids, tannins, and other phenolic compounds. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and metabolite profiling of ethanol extracts from K. ceratophylla Haw. leaves. The study utilized K. ceratophylla Haw. leaves, which were pre-identified and authenticated. Extraction was performed using maceration with 70% and 95% ethanol as solvents. The leaves were dried at 40 °C and freeze-dried at -20 °C to -30 °C. The metabolite profiles of the extracts were analyzed using high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The HR-MS and GC-MS analyses confirmed the presence of antioxidants, flavonoids, and phenolics in the extract. The findings indicate that the drying method and solvent type significantly influence the total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content varied from 1.37±0.59 to 5.23±0.87 mg GAE/mL extract, the total flavonoid content varied from 4.26±0.05 to 12.33±0.19 mg QE/g extract, and the antioxidant activity varied from 1.07±0.04 to 3.03±0.18 mg/mL. Based on these results, the ethanol extract of K. ceratophylla Haw. leaves demonstrate significant potential as a source for medicinal applications. The optimal extraction condition in this study was maceration with 95% ethanol, followed by freeze-drying, which produced the highest levels of antioxidant and flavonoid content. Future research should investigate the clinical implications and potential pharmaceutical formulations derived from K. ceratophylla Haw. Keywords: Antioxidants, K. ceratophylla Haw. leaf extracts, metabolite profiling, total flavonoids, total phenolics

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 109 co-authorship links · showing the 40 most connected

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  • Indonesia University of Education
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
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Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Nina ArtantiAffiliation unknown3
Lola PertiwiAffiliation unknown2
Linar Zalinar UdinAffiliation unknown2
Darwati DarwatiAffiliation unknown2
Unang SupratmanAffiliation unknown2
Kindi FarabiAffiliation unknown2
Tri MayantiAffiliation unknown2
Rani MaharaniAffiliation unknown2
Nurlelasari NurlelasariAffiliation unknown2
Septiani MarthaAffiliation unknown2
Vera LadeskaAffiliation unknown2
KusmardiAffiliation unknown2
Siti Saudah RohmatAffiliation unknown2
Zaitun SyahbudinAffiliation unknown1
Firdaus Yusri MuhammadAffiliation unknown1
Gatot YudokoAffiliation unknown1
Adi RahmatIndonesia University of Education1
Sri RedjekiAffiliation unknown1
Tomi HidayatAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad AlfanAffiliation unknown1
Ariyandi BatubaraAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad SyachrofiAffiliation unknown1
Rina AndriyaniAffiliation unknown1
Vienna SaraswatyAffiliation unknown1
Puspa D LotulungAffiliation unknown1
Ken Ichi FujitaAffiliation unknown1
Yoshinosuke UsukiAffiliation unknown1
Gian PrimahanaAffiliation unknown1
Rosmalena RosmalenaAffiliation unknown1
Vivitri Dewi PrasastyAffiliation unknown1
Rina Hidayati PratiwiAffiliation unknown1
Rosa Dewi PratiwiAffiliation unknown1
Taufik HidayatAffiliation unknown1
RamlanAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jm/oai, first harvested 9 Nov 2026, last seen 9 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US"> Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, and Metabolite Profiling of Kalanchoe Ceratophylla Haw. Leaf Ethanol Extract</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Luthfiyanti, Rohmah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Elya, Berna</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Hanafi, Muhammad</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Manalu, Lamhot Parulian</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Maryana, Erma</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Rahman, Taufik</dc:creator>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">ABSTRACT. Kalanchoe ceratophylla Haw. is a species from the Crassulaceae genus known for its various pharmacological benefits, including antioxidant and antidiabetic effects, due to the high contents of flavonoids, tannins, and other phenolic compounds.&amp;nbsp;This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and metabolite profiling of ethanol extracts from K. ceratophylla Haw. leaves. The study utilized K. ceratophylla Haw. leaves, which were pre-identified and authenticated. Extraction was performed using maceration with 70% and 95% ethanol as solvents.&amp;nbsp;The leaves were dried at 40 °C and freeze-dried at -20 °C to -30 °C. The metabolite profiles of the extracts were analyzed using high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The HR-MS and GC-MS analyses confirmed the presence of antioxidants, flavonoids, and phenolics in the extract. The findings indicate that the drying method and solvent type significantly influence the total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content varied from 1.37±0.59 to 5.23±0.87 mg GAE/mL extract, the total flavonoid content varied from 4.26±0.05 to 12.33±0.19 mg QE/g extract, and the antioxidant activity varied from 1.07±0.04 to 3.03±0.18 mg/mL. Based on these results, the ethanol extract of K. ceratophylla Haw. leaves demonstrate significant potential as a source for medicinal applications. The optimal extraction condition in this study was maceration with 95% ethanol, followed by freeze-drying, which produced the highest levels of antioxidant and flavonoid content. Future research should investigate the clinical implications and potential pharmaceutical formulations derived from K. ceratophylla Haw.
&amp;nbsp;
Keywords: Antioxidants, K. ceratophylla Haw. leaf extracts, metabolite profiling, total flavonoids, total phenolics</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Jenderal Soedirman</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jm/article/view/17066</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.17066</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Molekul; Vol 21 No 1 (2026); 119-131</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2503-0310</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1907-9761</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jm/article/view/17066/8039</dc:relation>
</oai_dc:dc>