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Indonesian Self-Risk Assessment for Cervical Cancer (SiNara): Instrument Development and Validation

Nurse Media Journal of Nursing · Vol. 11 No. 2 (2021) · pp. 219–232

DOI
10.14710/nmjn.v11i2.34199
ISSN
2406-8799, 2087-7811
Published
2021-08-27
Publisher
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

Background: Women’s ignorance of cervical cancer risk factors has caused low participation in the screening of the disease. Women can independently assess cervical cancer risk factors in themselves through a risk assessment instrument. However, no instruments were found that assessed cervical cancer risk based on the characteristics of Indonesian women.Purpose: This study aimed to develop and validate an Indonesian self-risk instrument for cervical cancer.Methods: The instrument was developed based on scale development following the guidelines by DeVellis (2017). A cross-sectional study was implemented to validate the instrument. A total of 20 women were involved in the pre-testing, and as many as 200 women were included in the instrument testing. Based on the scale development guidelines, data collection was initiated with a literature review to determine the instrument construct and item pool. A total of 29 articles were used in the formulation of the item pool and resulted in 38 items for validity and reliability testing. Content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were used to test the content validity of the instrument, which was reviewed by three experts. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with principal component analysis (PCA) method and Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20) were used to evaluate construct validity and internal consistency reliability, respectively.Results: A total of 26 items met the content validity and 21 items met the construct validity evaluation, with five items being removed because they had a loading factor value of <0.4. After the validity were evaluated, the instrument was reduced from 38 items to 21 items. The internal consistency reliability with Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20) was 0.807.Conclusion: The Indonesian self-risk assessment for cervical cancer (SiNara) instrument is of good validity and reliability. However, it needs to be tested in other settings using larger samples to measure its psychometric properties as well as its applicability and acceptability.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

31 authors · 97 co-authorship links

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  • Padjadjaran University
  • Universitas Halu Oleo
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
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Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Cecep Eli KosasihAffiliation unknown3
Titis KurniawanAffiliation unknown2
Muhammad YusufUniversitas Halu Oleo2
Helmy HazmiAffiliation unknown2
Rachelya Nurfirdausi IslamahAffiliation unknown2
Mira Trisyani KoeryamanAffiliation unknown2
Mira TrisyaniAffiliation unknown2
Ermiati EAffiliation unknown2
Ermiati ErmiatiAffiliation unknown1
Ida MaryatiPadjadjaran University1
Syoifa RahmawatiAffiliation unknown1
Restuning WidiasihAffiliation unknown1
Windy NatasyaAffiliation unknown1
Putu Inge Ruth SuantikaAffiliation unknown1
Anggriyana Tri WidiantiAffiliation unknown1
Agus RahmatPadjadjaran University1
Nur Oktavia HidayatiAffiliation unknown1
Vanny LeutualyAffiliation unknown1
Mevi LiliporyAffiliation unknown1
Dian Thiofany SopacuaAffiliation unknown1
Fandro Armando TasijawaAffiliation unknown1
Valensya Yeslin TomasoaAffiliation unknown1
Joan Herly HerwawanAffiliation unknown1
Feby ManuhutuAffiliation unknown1
Lekdaina KilikilyAffiliation unknown1
Ahmad YaminPadjadjaran University1
Ferry EfendiAffiliation unknown1
Sarah Kartika WulandariAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/medianers/oai, first harvested 10 Nov 2026, last seen 10 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Indonesian Self-Risk Assessment for Cervical Cancer (SiNara): Instrument Development and Validation</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Madiuw, Devita</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Hermayanti, Yanti</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Solehati, Tetti</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Cervical cancer; risk factors; self-risk assessment; women’s health</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Background: Women’s ignorance of cervical cancer risk factors has caused low participation in the screening of the disease. Women can independently assess cervical cancer risk factors in themselves through a risk assessment instrument. However, no instruments were found that assessed cervical cancer risk based on the characteristics of Indonesian women.Purpose: This study aimed to develop and validate an Indonesian self-risk instrument for cervical cancer.Methods: The instrument was developed based on scale development following the guidelines by DeVellis (2017). A cross-sectional study was implemented to validate the instrument. A total of 20 women were involved in the pre-testing, and as many as 200 women were included in the instrument testing. Based on the scale development guidelines, data collection was initiated with a literature review to determine the instrument construct and item pool. A total of 29 articles were used in the formulation of the item pool and resulted in 38 items for validity and reliability testing. Content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were used to test the content validity of the instrument, which was reviewed by three experts. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with principal component analysis (PCA) method and Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20) were used to evaluate construct validity and internal consistency reliability, respectively.Results: A total of 26 items met the content validity and 21 items met the construct validity evaluation, with five items being removed because they had a loading factor value of &lt;0.4. After the validity were evaluated, the instrument was reduced from 38 items to 21 items. The internal consistency reliability with Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20) was 0.807.Conclusion: The Indonesian self-risk assessment for cervical cancer (SiNara) instrument is of good validity and reliability. However, it needs to be tested in other settings using larger samples to measure its psychometric properties as well as its applicability and acceptability.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2021-08-27</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US"></dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/medianers/article/view/34199</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.14710/nmjn.v11i2.34199</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Nurse Media Journal of Nursing; Vol 11, No 2 (2021): (August 2021); 219-232</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2406-8799</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2087-7811</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/medianers/article/view/34199/19997</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2021 Nurse Media Journal of Nursing</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>