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Risk Factors for Pneumonia in Children: A Rapid Survey

Public Health of Indonesia · Vol. 10 No. 2 (2024) · pp. 224–236

DOI
10.36685/phi.v10i2.796
ISSN
2477-1570, 2528-1542
Published
2024-06-25
Publisher
YCAB Publisher
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

Abstract

Background: Pneumonia is the leading cause of infection-related death in children globally. East Java, Indonesia, is one of the provinces with the discovery achievement of pediatric pneumonia cases under 70%. Nganjuk Regency, located in East Java, has low discovery achievement of pediatric pneumonia cases (34.64%). Nganjuk Regency also requires an up-to-date study to determine the current state of pneumonia risk factors. Objective: This study aimed to examine the occurrence of pneumonia in toddlers and its risk factors in Nganjuk Regency East Java, Indonesia. Methods: The design of this study was a cross-sectional using a rapid survey. The participants of this study were 210 housewives or other adult household members having children under five in Nganjuk Regency. The study procedure began by collecting data from seven districts wherein each district comprised 30 houses that were chosen purposely. Data analysis was carried out using bivariate and multivariate analysis. The data were analyzed using the statistical software STATA. Results: This study revealed that 18 (7.96%) toddlers had developed pneumonia. The main risk factors for pneumonia among toddlers in Nganjuk Regency were the nutritional status of toddlers (OR=6.787; 95%CI=1.417-32.525; p=0.017), house cleaning (OR=3.381; 95%CI=1.160-9.851; p=0.026), and room occupancy density (OR=4.191; 95%CI=1.371-12.809; p=0.012). Conclusion: The incidence of toddler pneumonia can be reduced by educating mothers about pneumonia and its risk factors, monitoring toddler growth and nutritional status, and conducting routine surveillance of toddler pneumonia alongside sanitation inspections. Keywords:Children; Pneumonia; Risk Factors; Survey

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

35 authors · 97 co-authorship links · 1 across different organisations

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Universitas Airlangga
  • UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya
  • Universitas Islam Lamongan
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Eko WinartiAffiliation unknown2
Adelita SetiawanAffiliation unknown2
Fedora PranataliaAffiliation unknown1
Stefen Ista ArnolusAffiliation unknown1
Tasya Stefani Br SimorangkirAffiliation unknown1
Dora Irene PurimahuaAffiliation unknown1
Moh AlimansurAffiliation unknown1
Eka Menik SetianiAffiliation unknown1
Darjati DarjatiAffiliation unknown1
Marlik MarlikAffiliation unknown1
Pradevi Milafitri Farista AnantoAffiliation unknown1
Eri Iva RustantiAffiliation unknown1
Olievia Rachma AkhsaniAffiliation unknown1
Khuliyah Candraning DiyanahUniversitas Airlangga1
Aditya Sukma PawitraUniversitas Airlangga1
Zainul Amiruddin ZakariaAffiliation unknown1
Siti NurhidayatiAffiliation unknown1
Rania WicaksonoAffiliation unknown1
Winarko WinarkoAffiliation unknown1
Kholifah Firsayanti JuwonoAffiliation unknown1
Moch. SahriAffiliation unknown1
Moch Irfan HadiUIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya1
Soedjajadi KemanAffiliation unknown1
Dedy SuprayogiAffiliation unknown1
Nur Lathifah SyakbanahUniversitas Islam Lamongan1
Erna HayatiAffiliation unknown1
Zahra Zakiyah NafisahAffiliation unknown1
Lucia Yovita HendratiAffiliation unknown1
Juniarta JuniartaAffiliation unknown1
Grace Solely HoughtyAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://stikbar.org/ycabpublisher/index.php/PHI/oai, first harvested 10 Nov 2026, last seen 10 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Risk Factors for Pneumonia in Children: A Rapid Survey</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Mirasa, Yudied Agung </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Sriwahyuni, Efi </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Lestari, Evi Noerita </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Hendriyanto, Hendriyanto</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Eka, Ni Gusti Ayu</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">children</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">pneumonia</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">risk factors</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">survey</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Background: Pneumonia is the leading cause of infection-related death in children globally. East Java, Indonesia, is one of the provinces with the discovery achievement of pediatric pneumonia cases under 70%. Nganjuk Regency, located in East Java, has low discovery achievement of pediatric pneumonia cases (34.64%).  Nganjuk Regency also requires an up-to-date study to determine the current state of pneumonia risk factors.
Objective: This study aimed to examine the occurrence of pneumonia in toddlers and its risk factors in Nganjuk Regency East Java, Indonesia.
Methods: The design of this study was a cross-sectional using a rapid survey. The participants of this study were 210 housewives or other adult household members having children under five in Nganjuk Regency.  The  study procedure began by collecting data from seven districts wherein each district comprised 30 houses that were chosen purposely. Data analysis was carried out using bivariate and multivariate analysis. The data were analyzed using the statistical software STATA.
Results: This study revealed that 18 (7.96%) toddlers had developed pneumonia.  The main risk factors for pneumonia among toddlers in Nganjuk Regency were the nutritional status of toddlers (OR=6.787; 95%CI=1.417-32.525; p=0.017), house cleaning (OR=3.381; 95%CI=1.160-9.851; p=0.026), and room occupancy density (OR=4.191; 95%CI=1.371-12.809; p=0.012).
Conclusion: The incidence of toddler pneumonia can be reduced by educating mothers about pneumonia and its risk factors, monitoring toddler growth and nutritional status, and conducting routine surveillance of toddler pneumonia alongside sanitation inspections.
Keywords:Children; Pneumonia; Risk Factors; Survey</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">YCAB Publisher</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2024-06-25</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://stikbar.org/ycabpublisher/index.php/PHI/article/view/796</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.36685/phi.v10i2.796</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Public Health of Indonesia; Vol. 10 No. 2 (2024): April - June; 224-236</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2477-1570</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2528-1542</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.36685/phi.v10i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://stikbar.org/ycabpublisher/index.php/PHI/article/view/796/324</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2024 Yudied Agung  Mirasa, Efi  Sriwahyuni, Evi Noerita  Lestari, Hendriyanto Hendriyanto, Ni Gusti Ayu Eka</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>