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Activated carbon air filter and rubber seed oil approach from waste rubber seed shell for alternative fuel and improving air quality

Sinergi · Vol. 30 No. 2 (2026) · pp. 491–500

DOI
10.22441/sinergi.2026.2.015
ISSN
2460-1217, 1410-2331
Published
2026-06-07
Publisher
Universitas Mercu Buana
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

Research related to rubber seed conversion to oil and activated carbon as filter media requires further exploration. Therefore, the main objective of this study to investigate the rubber seed oil as alternative energy and rubber seed Shell Activated Carbon (RSSAC). Thermo-chemical method conducted with separation process between the kernel and the shell. The process used temperatures of 550 and 600°C. Biodiesel was produced by a blending process using a frequency of 20kHz, temperature of 60oC and 2h holding time. In addition, the side product was converted into activated carbon through carbonization and activation using KOH. Air filter fabricated using three layers, where the top and bottom layers being non-woven and RSSAC in the middle. It compacted using hot-press method at temperature of 150°C for 60 s to produce an air filter media thickness of 3–5mm. The results show that there are several high compound concentrations i.e. CH4, aldehydes, and ketonestone. Several gases evolve, such as CO2, CO, CH4, H2O, ketone aldehyde, and HC. Microstructure analysis using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) of RSSAC shows that element C significantly increase up to 80%, while O, K, and Ca decreased up to 72%, 66% and 90%, respectively. RSSAC has a large surface area of 175.95m2/g, and it will have high effectiveness in improving indoor air quality (IAQ). This is indicated by the result of IAQ analysis where the humidity, temperature, CO, CO2, TVOC, and PM10 were lower than the acceptable limit of 70%, 27oC, 1000ppm, 10ppm, 3 ppm, and 0.15 mg/m3, respectively.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 121 co-authorship links · 1 across different organisations · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kendari
  • Mercu Buana University
  • Hasanuddin University
  • Sultan Agung Islamic University
  • Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram
  • National University of Malaysia
  • Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Imam HidayatAffiliation unknown8
Fajar AnggaraAffiliation unknown7
Rikko Putra YouliaAffiliation unknown6
Aberham Genetu FelekeAffiliation unknown6
Muhamad FitriAffiliation unknown6
Andi AdriansyahMercu Buana University5
Abdi WahabAffiliation unknown5
Wiwit SuprihatiningsihAffiliation unknown4
Hui XiongAffiliation unknown3
Muhammad ImranInstitut Agama Islam Negeri Kendari3
Nur IndahHasanuddin University3
Rachmat MuwardiAffiliation unknown3
L. B. Desti DorionAffiliation unknown2
Alief Avicenna LuthfieAffiliation unknown2
Abdul Mutalib LemanAffiliation unknown2
Aberham Genetu FelekeAffiliation unknown1
Arief MarwantoSultan Agung Islamic University1
Suryani AlifahAffiliation unknown1
Lukman Abdul FatahAffiliation unknown1
Ahmad FudholiNational University of Malaysia1
Muhammad ZohriUniversitas Islam Negeri Mataram1
Kushardiyanto KushardiyantoAffiliation unknown1
Nanang RuhyatAffiliation unknown1
Solli Dwi MurtyasAffiliation unknown1
Hanif GhufronAffiliation unknown1
Andi Firdaus SudarmaAffiliation unknown1
Shahruddin MahzanTun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia1
Yosua Heru IrawanAffiliation unknown1
Alief Luthfie AvicennaAffiliation unknown1
Hifdzul Luthfan HabibullahAffiliation unknown1
Maman Kartaman AjiriyantoAffiliation unknown1
Antonio Gogo HutagaolAffiliation unknown1
Sulthoni AkbarAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/sinergi/oai, first harvested 10 Nov 2026, last seen 10 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Activated carbon air filter and rubber seed oil approach from waste rubber seed shell for alternative fuel and improving air quality </dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Feriyanto, Dafit</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Zakaria, Supaat</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Noviyanto, Alfian</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Nurato, Nurato</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Romahadi, Dedik</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Pranoto, Hadi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Abdulmalik, Samir Sani</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Activated Carbon</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Air Quality</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Alternative Fuel</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Rubber seed</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Waste material</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Research related to rubber seed conversion to oil and activated carbon as filter media requires further exploration. Therefore, the main objective of this study to investigate the rubber seed oil as alternative energy and rubber seed Shell Activated Carbon (RSSAC). Thermo-chemical method conducted with separation process between the kernel and the shell. The process used temperatures of 550 and 600°C. Biodiesel was produced by a blending process using a frequency of 20kHz, temperature of 60oC and 2h holding time. In addition, the side product was converted into activated carbon through carbonization and activation using KOH. Air filter fabricated using three layers, where the top and bottom layers being non-woven and RSSAC in the middle. It compacted using hot-press method at temperature of 150°C for 60 s to produce an air filter media thickness of 3–5mm. The results show that there are several high compound concentrations i.e. CH4, aldehydes, and ketonestone. Several gases evolve, such as CO2, CO, CH4, H2O, ketone aldehyde, and HC. Microstructure analysis using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) of RSSAC shows that element C significantly increase up to 80%, while O, K, and Ca decreased up to 72%, 66% and 90%, respectively. RSSAC has a large surface area of 175.95m2/g, and it will have high effectiveness in improving indoor air quality (IAQ). This is indicated by the result of IAQ analysis where the humidity, temperature, CO, CO2, TVOC, and PM10 were lower than the acceptable limit of 70%, 27oC, 1000ppm, 10ppm, 3 ppm, and 0.15 mg/m3, respectively.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Mercu Buana</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-06-07</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/sinergi/article/view/34495</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.22441/sinergi.2026.2.015</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">SINERGI; Vol. 30 No. 2 (2026); 491-500</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2460-1217</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1410-2331</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/sinergi/article/view/34495/12516</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 SINERGI</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>