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Microwave-Assisted Method for Synthesizing UV-Protective Methoxy-Benzylidene Cyclohexanone Derivatives Using Green Solvents

VALENSI · Vol. ume No. 1 (2026) · pp. 97–109

DOI
10.15408/jkv.v12i1.46773
ISSN
2548-3013, 2460-6065
Published
2026-05-31
Publisher
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta State Islamic University
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

Benzylidene cyclohexanone derivatives are known for their significant biological activities; however, traditional synthesis methods often involve non-eco-friendly processes and solvents. This research aims to identify the optimal solvent for maximum yield and to evaluate the UV-protection activity. The synthesis was conducted through a Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction under NaOH catalysis with microwave irradiation for 60 seconds. Solvents tested included H2O, H2O/MeOH (1:1 v/v), H2O/EtOH (1:1 v/v), MeOH, and EtOH. Reaction purity was assessed using TLC scanning. The product with the highest purity was recrystallized from EtOH and characterized by melting point, UV-Vis, FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and GC-MS analysis. The UV-protection activity was evaluated in vitro. The results indicate the successful synthesis of two benzylidene cyclohexanone derivatives: (2E,6E)-bis(4-methoxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone (yellow needles) and (E)-2-(4-methoxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone (orange). The H2O/MeOH (1:1 v/v) solvent provided the highest yields of 58.49% and 62.71%, respectively. The (2E,6E)-bis(4-methoxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone demonstrated a high SPF value of 9.908, offering maximum protection at 50 ppm concentration, while the mixed compound, (E)-2-(4-methoxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone, achieved an SPF of 15.324, categorized as ultra protection.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 105 co-authorship links · 1 across different organisations · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • University of Brawijaya
  • National Research and Innovation Agency
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Riris Istighfari JenieAffiliation unknown6
Mohamad SyaefudinAffiliation unknown4
Diah Vitri WidayantiAffiliation unknown4
Ratna Asmah SusidartiAffiliation unknown4
Neli PurwaniAffiliation unknown3
Edy MeiyantoAffiliation unknown3
Zalinar UdinAffiliation unknown3
Dwi AstutiAffiliation unknown2
Tri Eko AgustiningrumAffiliation unknown2
Sudarwoto SudarwotoAffiliation unknown2
Nurul YuhanafiaAffiliation unknown2
Virgiawan Adi KristiantoAffiliation unknown2
Cici DarsihAffiliation unknown2
Aan KurniawanNational Research and Innovation Agency2
Syarifah NurainiAffiliation unknown2
Ani Budi AstutiUniversity of Brawijaya1
Suci AstutikUniversity of Brawijaya1
Nur Silviyah RahmiUniversity of Brawijaya1
Alifiandi Rafi MuhammadUniversity of Brawijaya1
Ulfah MaisarohUniversity of Brawijaya1
Kismi MubarokahAffiliation unknown1
Harianingsih HarianingsihAffiliation unknown1
Maharani KusumaningrumAffiliation unknown1
Vera Noviana SulistyawanAffiliation unknown1
Savira Rinda ErlianaAffiliation unknown1
Isnina Noor UbayAffiliation unknown1
Indra Sakti PangestuAffiliation unknown1
Nur QudusAffiliation unknown1
Nelly Setyowati AnggraeniAffiliation unknown1
Ade Novi Nurul IhsaniAffiliation unknown1
Delta ApriyaniAffiliation unknown1
Sri Endah WahyuningsihAffiliation unknown1
Ana MaryanaAffiliation unknown1
Aria Aji PawanaAffiliation unknown1
Sri MaryatiAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/valensi/oai, first harvested 10 Nov 2026, last seen 10 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Microwave-Assisted Method for Synthesizing UV-Protective Methoxy-Benzylidene Cyclohexanone Derivatives Using Green Solvents</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Abdillah, Muchammad Ikmal</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Arinda, Dayu</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Rohmawati, Dini </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Budimarwanti, Cornelia </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Handayani, Sri</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Benzylidene cyclohexanone</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">green synthesis</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">microwave-assisted</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">solvent</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">sun protection factor</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Benzylidene cyclohexanone derivatives are known for their significant biological activities; however, traditional synthesis methods often involve non-eco-friendly processes and solvents. This research aims to identify the optimal solvent for maximum yield and to evaluate the UV-protection activity. The synthesis was conducted through a Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction under NaOH catalysis with microwave irradiation for 60 seconds. Solvents tested included H2O, H2O/MeOH (1:1 v/v), H2O/EtOH (1:1 v/v), MeOH, and EtOH. Reaction purity was assessed using TLC scanning. The product with the highest purity was recrystallized from EtOH and characterized by melting point, UV-Vis, FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and GC-MS analysis. The UV-protection activity was evaluated in vitro. The results indicate the successful synthesis of two benzylidene cyclohexanone derivatives: (2E,6E)-bis(4-methoxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone (yellow needles) and (E)-2-(4-methoxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone (orange). The H2O/MeOH (1:1 v/v) solvent provided the highest yields of 58.49% and 62.71%, respectively. The (2E,6E)-bis(4-methoxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone demonstrated a high SPF value of 9.908, offering maximum protection at 50 ppm concentration, while the mixed compound, (E)-2-(4-methoxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone, achieved an SPF of 15.324, categorized as ultra protection.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta State Islamic University</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-05-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/valensi/article/view/46773</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15408/jkv.v12i1.46773</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Jurnal Kimia Valensi; Jurnal Kimia VALENSI,  Volume 12, No. 1, May 2026; 97-109</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2548-3013</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2460-6065</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/valensi/article/view/46773/19252</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Muchammad Ikmal Abdillah, Dayu Arinda, Dini  Rohmawati, Cornelia  Budimarwanti, Sri Handayani</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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