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Criminalizing Civil Law Actions of Default into Criminal Acts of Fraud: A Human Rights Perspective

Yuridika · Vol. 39 No. 3 (2024) · pp. 303–328

DOI
10.20473/ydk.v39i3.51329
ISSN
2528-3103, 0215-840X
Published
2024-09-25
Publisher
Universitas Airlangga
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstract

The terms "Default" and "Fraud" and/or “Embezzlement” are often interchanged without clarity of meaning in many discussion forums, both oral and written. This confusion can be seen from the many court decisions that acquit defendants from prosecution which have permanent legal force. The public often hears that law enforcers carry out criminalization, such as witnesses becoming suspects, suspects becoming defendants and so on by shifting the civil legal action of Default to criminal act of Fraud and/or Embezzlement. Using 'criminalization' and 'criminalized' in this article is considered inappropriate, so it has been replaced by 'criminalizing' and 'criminalized'. If there is an action to shift the civil legal act of Default into a criminal act of Fraud and/ or Embezzlement, so from a human rights perspective, it is against the law. By using normative legal research methods, this paper examines how to differentiate civil legal acts of Default from criminal acts of Fraud and/or Embezzlement, how to apply civil compensation in cases where there are already criminal legal remedies, and what is the legal and human rights perspective when criminalization occurs. This paper uses a statutory approach and a case approach. The results show: First, there is a real difference between civil legal acts of Default and criminal acts of Fraud and/ or Embezzlement; Second, the application of compensation can be carried out through criminal and civil procedural law mechanisms; Finally, criminalizing civil legal acts into criminal acts is a form of violation of human rights.

Keywords

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32 authors · 65 co-authorship links

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Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Rado Fridsel LeonardusAffiliation unknown3
Alexander Yovie Pratama YudhaAffiliation unknown2
Sheva Trisanda AdistiaAffiliation unknown2
Aprila NiravitaAffiliation unknown1
Ayup Suran NingsihAffiliation unknown1
Hazlina Binti Shaik MD Noor AlamAffiliation unknown1
Harumsari Puspa WardhaniAffiliation unknown1
Wahyudi KurniawanAffiliation unknown1
Bambang Eryanto HermawanAffiliation unknown1
Nurini ApriliandaAffiliation unknown1
Thohir LuthAffiliation unknown1
Rossa Ilma SilfiahAffiliation unknown1
Sudarsono SudarsonoAffiliation unknown1
Hoiruddin HasibuanAffiliation unknown1
I Nyoman NurjayaAffiliation unknown1
Hamja HamjaAffiliation unknown1
Ilham Zain FadilaAffiliation unknown1
Diah Aju WisnuwardhaniAffiliation unknown1
Haniah IlhamiAffiliation unknown1
Destri Budi NugraheniAffiliation unknown1
HerlianaAffiliation unknown1
Sujayadi SujayadiAffiliation unknown1
Adi KusumaningrumAffiliation unknown1
Dody Novizar MardyansyahAffiliation unknown1
Yenny Eta WidyantiAffiliation unknown1
Rado F LeonardusAffiliation unknown1
B.E HermawanAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/YDK/oai, first harvested 10 Nov 2026, last seen 10 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Criminalizing Civil Law Actions of Default into Criminal Acts of Fraud: A Human Rights Perspective</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Yonatan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Wijayanta, Tata</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Sugiri, Bambang</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Sukarmi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Sulistio, Faizin</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Breach of contract</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Default</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Embezzlement</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Fraud</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">The terms "Default" and "Fraud" and/or “Embezzlement” are often interchanged without clarity of meaning in many discussion forums, both oral and written. This confusion can be seen from the many court decisions that acquit defendants from prosecution which have permanent legal force. The public often hears that law enforcers carry out criminalization, such as witnesses becoming suspects, suspects becoming defendants and so on by shifting the civil legal action of Default to criminal act of Fraud and/or Embezzlement. Using 'criminalization' and 'criminalized' in this article is considered inappropriate, so it has been replaced by 'criminalizing' and 'criminalized'. If there is an action to shift the civil legal act of Default into a criminal act of Fraud and/ or Embezzlement, so from a human rights perspective, it is against the law. By using normative legal research methods, this paper examines how to differentiate civil legal acts of Default from criminal acts of Fraud and/or Embezzlement, how to apply civil compensation in cases where there are already criminal legal remedies, and what is the legal and human rights perspective when criminalization occurs. This paper uses a statutory approach and a case approach. The results show: First, there is a real difference between civil legal acts of Default and criminal acts of Fraud and/ or Embezzlement; Second, the application of compensation can be carried out through criminal and civil procedural law mechanisms; Finally, criminalizing civil legal acts into criminal acts is a form of violation of human rights.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Airlangga</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2024-09-25</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>text/xml</dc:format>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/YDK/article/view/51329</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/ydk.v39i3.51329</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Yuridika; Vol. 39 No. 3 (2024): Volume 39 No 3 September 2024; 303-328</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2528-3103</dc:source>
	<dc:source>0215-840X</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/YDK/article/view/51329/31188</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/YDK/article/view/51329/29938</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2024 Yonatan, Tata Wijayanta, Bambang Sugiri, Sukarmi, Faizin Sulistio</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>