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Genetic Diversity and Kinship Relationships Among Black Mangrove Populations (Rhizophora mucronata) in West Sulawesi Based on Morphological Markers

Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea · Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025) · pp. 97–110

DOI
10.24259/jpkwallacea.v14i2.36617
ISSN
2407-7860, 2302-299X
Published
2025-12-09
Publisher
Foresty Faculty of Hasanuddin University
Language
en

Abstract

Rhizophora mucronata is a black mangrove with the most productive ecosystem that has benefits many people. But in reality, because of their business, some people often neglect preserving mangrove ecosystems and habitats. This study was conducted to analyze the level of genetic diversity and the relationship between R. mucronata in West Sulawesi based on morphological markers that will be used in future restoration efforts of black mangroves around the coast. This study used ten trees from three origins: Polewali Regency Mandar, Majene, and Mamuju. Then, several parts of the tree are used for this study, namely leaves, trunks, bark, roots, flowers, and propagules. However, the observed characteristics are leaf shape, stem shape, and color samples such as bark color, stem color, root color, color propagule (fruit and hypocotyl), and leaf color with a qualitative and quantitative approach. The results of this study show that black mangroves in Polewali Mandar, Majene, and Mamuju show high-value genetic diversity. The genetic distance between Polewali Mandar and Mamuju shows a high value of 0.13, meaning they have a distant kinship. Meanwhile, the genetic distance between Polewali Mandar and Majene shows a low value of 0.09, meaning they are close relatives. The findings of this study directly address the research urgency by highlighting the high genetic diversity of R. mucronata populations in West Sulawesi, despite increasing threats from anthropogenic activities. The observed genetic distances indicate significant variation among populations, particularly between Polewali Mandar and Mamuju, which suggests the need for targeted conservation strategies. The close genetic relationship between Polewali Mandar and Majene further emphasizes the importance of localized preservation efforts. These insights provide a scientific basis for future restoration initiatives, ensuring conservation programs maintain genetic resilience and adaptability within the mangrove ecosystem.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

23 authors · 132 co-authorship links · 11 across different organisations

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Hasanuddin University
  • National Research and Innovation Agency
  • Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Republic of Indonesia
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Muh. RestuHasanuddin University1
Ira PongtuluranHasanuddin University1
Muh RestuAffiliation unknown1
Ayu LestariHasanuddin University1
Awaluddin AzizAffiliation unknown1
Murniati MurniatiMinistry of Environment and Forestry, Republic of Indonesia1
Sri SuhartiMinistry of Environment and Forestry, Republic of Indonesia1
Catur Budi WiatiNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Eddy Mangopo AngiAffiliation unknown1
Karmilasanti KarmilasantiNational Research and Innovation Agency1
I A S L P PutriNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Aris Pudji HadiAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad FurkanAffiliation unknown1
Belasius AnyeqAffiliation unknown1
Krista TalaAffiliation unknown1
Veronica CarolinaAffiliation unknown1
Ria AndianaAffiliation unknown1
Limbong Yuliara LimbongAffiliation unknown1
Yosua NaibahoAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/wallacea/oai, first harvested 2 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Genetic Diversity and Kinship Relationships Among Black Mangrove Populations (Rhizophora mucronata) in West Sulawesi Based on Morphological Markers  </dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Mukrimin, Mukrimin</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Gusmiaty</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Salam, Marwah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Muslimin, Atisa</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Genetic Variability</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Heterozygosity</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Mangroves</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Morphological</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Rhizophora muronata</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Rhizophora mucronata is a black mangrove with the most productive ecosystem that has benefits many people. But in reality, because of their business, some people often neglect preserving mangrove ecosystems and habitats. This study was conducted to analyze the level of genetic diversity and the relationship between R. mucronata in West Sulawesi based on morphological markers that will be used in future restoration efforts of black mangroves around the coast. This study used ten trees from three origins: Polewali Regency Mandar, Majene, and Mamuju. Then, several parts of the tree are used for this study, namely leaves, trunks, bark, roots, flowers, and propagules. However, the observed characteristics are leaf shape, stem shape, and color samples such as bark color, stem color, root color, color propagule (fruit and hypocotyl), and leaf color with a qualitative and quantitative approach. The results of this study show that black mangroves in Polewali Mandar, Majene, and Mamuju show high-value genetic diversity. The genetic distance between Polewali Mandar and Mamuju shows a high value of 0.13, meaning they have a distant kinship. Meanwhile, the genetic distance between Polewali Mandar and Majene shows a low value of 0.09, meaning they are close relatives.  The findings of this study directly address the research urgency by highlighting the high genetic diversity of R. mucronata populations in West Sulawesi, despite increasing threats from anthropogenic activities. The observed genetic distances indicate significant variation among populations, particularly between Polewali Mandar and Mamuju, which suggests the need for targeted conservation strategies. The close genetic relationship between Polewali Mandar and Majene further emphasizes the importance of localized preservation efforts. These insights provide a scientific basis for future restoration initiatives, ensuring conservation programs maintain genetic resilience and adaptability within the mangrove ecosystem.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Foresty Faculty of Hasanuddin University</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-12-09</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/wallacea/article/view/36617</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.24259/jpkwallacea.v14i2.36617</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea; Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025); 97-110</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2407-7860</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2302-299X</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/wallacea/article/view/36617/13846</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>