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Cacao-based Agroforestry in Conservation Forest Area: Farmer Participation, Main Commodities and Its Contribution to the Local Production and Economy

Forest and Society · Vol. 6 No. 1 (2022) · pp. 243–274

DOI
10.24259/fs.v6i1.13991
ISSN
2549-4333, 2549-4724
Published
2022-02-05
Publisher
Forestry Faculty, Universitas Hasanuddin
Language
en
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstract

Cacao-based agroforestry systems have been developed in the conservation forest area of Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park (WAR GFP). Previously, the forest areas were occupied by surrounding needy communities, causing land-use conflict and forest degradation. To resolve these problems, the conservation forest manager developed a conservation partnership program, giving farmers legal access to establish cacao agroforestry systems while improving forest conditions. This research aimed to study the farmers’ participation, main commodities of the cacao-based agroforestry system, and its contribution to the local production and economy. This research was conducted in 2018 and 2019. The field survey was used to characterize the agroforestry system practiced and a series of interviews with two respondent groups, stakeholders concerned with WAR GFP management (nine key informants), and cacao-based agroforestry farmers (61 respondents). The agroforestry systems were dominated by cacao trees mixed with other tree crops and forest trees with an average density of 1,169.3 ± 668.3 trees/ha. Community involvement in the agroforestry development has only reached "Placation" or level 5 of Arnstein's participation ranking, implying they are granted limited opportunities to participate in the agroforestry development. Cacao production was influenced by the cacao tree and the associated tree density. Optimal cacao production as much as 367.4 ± 357.9 kg/ha was achieved at 1,253 trees/ha of total tree density. Besides cocoa, there were 13 primary commodities, where some have contributed more than 40% to district production. Income gained from the agroforestry systems contributes significantly (75.63%) to total farmers’ income. It can fulfill households’ basic needs and has exceeded the poverty line at the national level. The cacao-based agroforestry development has become an alternative to resolve land use conflict in conservation forest areas characterized by land scarcity with a dense population

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

18 authors · 125 co-authorship links · 11 across different organisations

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Republic of Indonesia
  • National Research and Innovation Agency
  • Hasanuddin University
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Awaluddin AzizAffiliation unknown2
Catur Budi WiatiNational Research and Innovation Agency2
Eddy Mangopo AngiAffiliation unknown2
Karmilasanti KarmilasantiNational Research and Innovation Agency2
I A S L P PutriNational Research and Innovation Agency2
Aris Pudji HadiAffiliation unknown2
Muhammad FurkanAffiliation unknown2
Belasius AnyeqAffiliation unknown2
Krista TalaAffiliation unknown2
Veronica CarolinaAffiliation unknown2
Ria AndianaAffiliation unknown2
Limbong Yuliara LimbongAffiliation unknown2
Yosua NaibahoAffiliation unknown2
Mukrimin MukriminHasanuddin University2

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/fs/oai, first harvested 5 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Cacao-based Agroforestry in Conservation Forest Area: Farmer Participation, Main Commodities and Its Contribution to the Local Production and Economy</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Murniati, Murniati</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Suharti, Sri</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Yeny, Irma </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Minarningsih, Minarningsih</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Community participation</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Farmer income</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Income contribution</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Local economy</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Main commodities</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Tree crop yield</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Cacao-based agroforestry systems have been developed in the conservation forest area of Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park (WAR GFP). Previously, the forest areas were occupied by surrounding needy communities, causing land-use conflict and forest degradation. To resolve these problems, the conservation forest manager developed a conservation partnership program, giving farmers legal access to establish cacao agroforestry systems while improving forest conditions. This research aimed to study the farmers’ participation, main commodities of the cacao-based agroforestry system, and its contribution to the local production and economy. This research was conducted in 2018 and 2019. The field survey was used to characterize the agroforestry system practiced and a series of interviews with two respondent groups, stakeholders concerned with WAR GFP management (nine key informants), and cacao-based agroforestry farmers (61 respondents). The agroforestry systems were dominated by cacao trees mixed with other tree crops and forest trees with an average density of 1,169.3 ± 668.3 trees/ha. Community involvement in the agroforestry development has only reached "Placation" or level 5 of Arnstein's participation ranking, implying they are granted limited opportunities to participate in the agroforestry development. Cacao production was influenced by the cacao tree and the associated tree density. Optimal cacao production as much as 367.4 ± 357.9 kg/ha was achieved at 1,253 trees/ha of total tree density. Besides cocoa, there were 13 primary commodities, where some have contributed more than 40% to district production. Income gained from the agroforestry systems contributes significantly (75.63%) to total farmers’ income. It can fulfill households’ basic needs and has exceeded the poverty line at the national level. The cacao-based agroforestry development has become an alternative to resolve land use conflict in conservation forest areas characterized by land scarcity with a dense population</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Forestry Faculty, Universitas Hasanuddin</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2022-02-05</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
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	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/fs/article/view/13991</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.24259/fs.v6i1.13991</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Forest and Society; Vol. 6 No. 1 (2022): APRIL; 243-274</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2549-4333</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2549-4724</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/fs/article/view/13991/7863</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2022 Forest and Society</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
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