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Livelihood Diversity of Rural Communities Without Legal Access to Forest Resources: The Case of Kerinci Seblat National Park in Bengkulu Province

Forest and Society · Vol. 8 No. 1 (2024) · pp. 249–270

DOI
10.24259/fs.v8i1.30947
ISSN
2549-4333, 2549-4724
Published
2024-06-19
Publisher
Forestry Faculty, Universitas Hasanuddin
Language
en
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstract

Kerinci Seblat National Park in Bengkulu, Indonesia, was gazetted by the Indonesian government, and its overlaps with forests occupied by most indigenous communities made their farming activities in the area illegal. People were prohibited from accessing and expanding their farming areas in the national park, threatening their livelihoods. The livelihood diversity index (LDI) and livelihood asset index (LAI) were used to explore the livelihood systems of these communities. This study also examines the effect of livelihood assets on livelihood diversity and analyzes livelihood strategy choices using Giddens’ structuration theory. A quantitative survey combined with in-depth interviews was conducted in two villages with different land types: wetlands (rice fields) and drylands (farmlands). This study found that the communities diversified their livelihoods into eight types of livelihood strategies. Almost all livelihood indicators were different, and the differences in livelihood asset indicators affected the LDI. As a process of structuration, communities have diversified their livelihoods into farm (e.g., annual and perennial crops), off-farm (e.g., farm wages), and non-farm (e.g., services and government transfer) activities. Rural households have modified their social and physical structures to secure their livelihoods by optimizing agricultural intensification technologies or by seeking non-agricultural income. Households decide whether to specialize or diversify their livelihoods based on factors such as the area of cultivated land, number of crops cultivated, distance of the farming location from the house, total household income, non-farm income, and reciprocal relationships.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

25 authors · 73 co-authorship links · 33 across different organisations

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • IPB University
  • University of Bengkulu
  • National Research and Innovation Agency
  • Bandung Institute of Technology
  • Universiti Brunei Darussalam
  • Nicolaus Copernicus University
  • University of Passau
  • Other organisations
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Dwi Retno HapsariIPB University1
Dwiki Faiz SarviantoIPB University1
Bayu Wahyudi AkbarUniversity of Bengkulu1
Ridha Rizki NovandaUniversity of Bengkulu1
Astrina YuliantiNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Djuara Pangihutan LubisIPB University1
Ervizal Amir Muhammad ZuhudIPB University1
Ikma Citra RantealloIPB University1
Sandryones Bunga PalinggiBandung Institute of Technology1
Meredian AlamUniversiti Brunei Darussalam1
Imanuella Romaputri AndiloloNicolaus Copernicus University1
Azwar Hadi NasutionAffiliation unknown1
Muchamad Zaenal ArifinUniversity of Passau1
Rizaldi BoerIPB University1
Dodik Ridho NurrochmatIPB University1
Tabah Arif RahmaniIPB University1
Yulius HeroIPB University1
Mi Sun ParkSeoul National University1
Dudung DarusmanIPB University1
Sulastri SardjoIPB University1
Arya Hadi DharmawanIPB University1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/fs/oai, first harvested 5 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Livelihood Diversity of Rural Communities Without Legal Access to Forest Resources: The Case of Kerinci Seblat National Park in Bengkulu Province</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Widiono, Septri</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Wahyuni, Ekawati Sri</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Kolopaking, Lala M.</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Satria, Arif</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Livelihood diversity</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Access</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Exclusion</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Structuration theory</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Sustainability</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Indigenous people</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Kerinci Seblat National Park in Bengkulu, Indonesia, was gazetted by the Indonesian government, and its overlaps with forests occupied by most indigenous communities made their farming activities in the area illegal. People were prohibited from accessing and expanding their farming areas in the national park, threatening their livelihoods. The livelihood diversity index (LDI) and livelihood asset index (LAI) were used to explore the livelihood systems of these communities. This study also examines the effect of livelihood assets on livelihood diversity and analyzes livelihood strategy choices using Giddens’ structuration theory. A quantitative survey combined with in-depth interviews was conducted in two villages with different land types: wetlands (rice fields) and drylands (farmlands). This study found that the communities diversified their livelihoods into eight types of livelihood strategies. Almost all livelihood indicators were different, and the differences in livelihood asset indicators affected the LDI. As a process of structuration, communities have diversified their livelihoods into farm (e.g., annual and perennial crops), off-farm (e.g., farm wages), and non-farm (e.g., services and government transfer) activities. Rural households have modified their social and physical structures to secure their livelihoods by optimizing agricultural intensification technologies or by seeking non-agricultural income. Households decide whether to specialize or diversify their livelihoods based on factors such as the area of cultivated land, number of crops cultivated, distance of the farming location from the house, total household income, non-farm income, and reciprocal relationships.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Forestry Faculty, Universitas Hasanuddin</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2024-06-19</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/fs/article/view/30947</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.24259/fs.v8i1.30947</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Forest and Society; Vol. 8 No. 1 (2024): JUNE; 249-270</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2549-4333</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2549-4724</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/fs/article/view/30947/11666</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2024 Forest and Society</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>