Tatanan Keluarga dengan Kejadian Stunting Balita Usia 24-59 Bulan di Dataran Tinggi dan Dataran Rendah

Abstract

Abstrak Stunting merupakan masalah gizi kronis yang memiliki dampak serius baik jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang. Indonesia mentargetkan prevalesi stunting pada tahun 2024 sebesar 14%. Berdasarkan hasil survei status gizi Indonesia tahun 2021 prevalensi stunting di Kota Semarang 21,3%. Pada tahun 2021 Semarang mendapatkan nominasi pilot project zero stunting. Namun, prevalensi stunting saat ini di Semarang masih tinggi. Tahun 2022 kasus stunting tertinggi di Kota Semarang berada di Kecamatan Banyumanik 127 balita dan Semarang Utara 236 balita, ke dua kecamatan tersebut termasuk wilayah dataran tinggi dan dataran rendah di Kota Semarang. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain case control dengan pendekatan retrospektif untuk mengetahui faktor penyebab kejadian stunting di dataran tinggi dan dataran rendah Kota Semarang. Populasi penelitian ini keluarga yang memiliki balita di Kecamatan Banyumanik dan Kecamatan Semarang Utara. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling dengan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Diperoleh sampel keluarga yang memiliki balita stunting dan normal di dataran tinggi dan rendah dengan rumus Lameshow yaitu di dataran tinggi 87 balita stunting dan dataran rendah 87 balita stunting, serta 87 balita normal di dataran tinggi dan 87 balita normal di dataran rendah. Analisa data secara univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Hasil penelitian didapatkan di dataran tinggi ada hubungan usia ibu terlalu muda (p=0,034), usia ibu terlalu tua (p=0,003), jumlah anak terlalu banyak (p=0,011), ibu yang tidak bekerja (p=0,005) dan tingkat pendidikan ibu (p=0,004) dengan kejadian stunting. Di dataran rendah ada hubungan antara sumber air minum tidak layak (p=0,031), usia ibu terlalu tua (p=0,000), jarak kelahiran terlalu dekat (p=0,036), jumlah anak terlalu banyak (p=0,000), dan Ibu yang tidak bekerja (p=0,029) dengan kejadian stunting. Hasil analisis multivariat menggunakan uji regresi logistik berganda diperoleh variabel pendidikan ibu merupakan faktor paling berpengaruh terhadap kejadian stunting di dataran tinggi OR 4,331 (CI 95%: 1,406-13,340), sedangkan di dataran rendah variabel paling berpengaruh adalah usia ibu yang terlalu tua dengan nilai OR 7,735 (CI 95%: 0,992-18,867). Abstract Stunting was a chronic nutritional problem that has serious short and long term impacts. Indonesia is targeting a stunting prevalence in 2024 of 14%. Based on the results of a survey on Indonesia's nutritional status in 2021, the prevalence of stunting in Semarang City is 21.3%. In 2021 Semarang will be nominated for a zero stunting pilot project. However, the current prevalence of stunting in Semarang is still high. In 2022 the highest cases of stunting in Semarang City are in the Banyumanik District with 330 toddlers and North Semarang with 660 toddlers, the two sub-districts include the highlands and lowlands in Semarang City. This study used a case-control design with a retrospective approach to determine the causes of stunting in the highlands and lowlands of Semarang City. The population of this study is families who have toddlers in Banyumanik and North Semarang districts. The sampling technique used purposive sampling with inclusion and exclusion criteria. A sample of families with stunted and normal toddlers was obtained in the highlands and lowlands using the Lameshow formula, namely in the highlands 87 stunted toddlers and 87 stunted toddlers in the lowlands, and 87 normal toddlers in the highlands and 87 normal toddlers in the lowlands. Data analysis by univariate, bivariate and multivariate. The results of the study found that in the highlands there was a relationship between the mother's age being too young (p=0.034), the mother's age being too old (p=0.003), the number of children being too many (p=0.011), the mother not working (p=0.005) and the level of education mother (p=0.004) with stunting. In the lowlands there was a relationship between inadequate drinking water sources (p=0.031), the mother's age being too old (p=0.000), birth spacing too close (p=0.036), too many children (p=0.000), and mothers who not working (p=0.029) with stunting. The results of multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression tests showed that the mother's education variable was the most influential factor on the incidence of stunting in the highlands OR 4.331 (95% CI: 1.406-13.340), while in the lowlands the most influential variable was the age of the mother who was too old with an OR value 7.735 (95% CI: 0.992-18.867)