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Optimisation of SSG (Sodium Starch Glycolate) and Avicel PH 102 in the Formula of Orally Disintegrating Acetaminophen Tablets by Simplex Lattice Design Method

Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy · Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025) · pp. 21–30

DOI
10.15294/jstrp.v5i2.27572
ISSN
2776-0685
Published
2025-11-21
Publisher
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Language
eng

Abstract

Background: ODT acetaminophen tablets are an alternative drug therapy for patients who have difficulty in swallowing tablets or capsules. Additional ingredients that play an important role in the ODT tablet formula are disintegrants. The disintegrants used in this study were avicel ph 102 and SSG. The use of disintegrants can help increase the dissolution rate and accelerate the destruction time. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum formula of ODT acetaminophen tablets and analyse the effect of SSG and avicel ph 102 on dissolution and disintegration time. Material and Methods: Determination of acetaminophen ODT tablet formula was carried out running in design expert software with the simplex latice design method. Preparation of ODT acetaminophen tablets was carried out by direct felting. The evaluation of ODT acetaminophen tablets was IPC physical evaluation, determination of content, and dissolution. Determination of the optimum formula was done by simplex latice design method. Results: The results showed that all ODT acetaminophen tablet formulas fulfilled all the requirements of the IPC test, physical evaluation, dissolution, and determination of levels according to the Pharmacopoeia VI edition standards. Formula 3 produced the fastest disintegration time of 3 minutes, but the dissolution rate of 100% was reached in the 15th minute. It is suspected that gel formation in the SSG swelling mechanism slowed down the dissolution rate. While formulas 1, 2, and 4 which have a longer disintegration time reached >80% dissolution in the 10th minute. Conclusion: The optimum formula results with the simplex latice design method were SSG 8% and avicel ph 102 7%. Avicel ph 102 and SSG had the effect of accelerating the destruction time and slowing down the dissolution rate.

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Chrisabela BiaAffiliation unknown1
Amelia DyahAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/JSTRP/oai, first harvested 5 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Optimisation of SSG (Sodium Starch Glycolate) and Avicel PH 102 in the Formula of Orally Disintegrating Acetaminophen Tablets by Simplex Lattice Design Method</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Oktaviani Himmayatin Nisaa</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Tri Minarsih</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Acetaminophen</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Avicel Ph 102</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Simplex Lattice Design</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">SSG</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Background: ODT acetaminophen tablets are an alternative drug therapy for patients who have difficulty in swallowing tablets or capsules. Additional ingredients that play an important role in the ODT tablet formula are disintegrants. The disintegrants used in this study were avicel ph 102 and SSG. The use of disintegrants can help increase the dissolution rate and accelerate the destruction time.
Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum formula of ODT acetaminophen tablets and analyse the effect of SSG and avicel ph 102 on dissolution and disintegration time.
Material and Methods: Determination of acetaminophen ODT tablet formula was carried out running in design expert software with the simplex latice design method. Preparation of ODT acetaminophen tablets was carried out by direct felting. The evaluation of ODT acetaminophen tablets was IPC physical evaluation, determination of content, and dissolution. Determination of the optimum formula was done by simplex latice design method.
Results: The results showed that all ODT acetaminophen tablet formulas fulfilled all the requirements of the IPC test, physical evaluation, dissolution, and determination of levels according to the Pharmacopoeia VI edition standards. Formula 3 produced the fastest disintegration time of 3 minutes, but the dissolution rate of 100% was reached in the 15th minute. It is suspected that gel formation in the SSG swelling mechanism slowed down the dissolution rate. While formulas 1, 2, and 4 which have a longer disintegration time reached &amp;gt;80% dissolution in the 10th minute.
Conclusion: The optimum formula results with the simplex latice design method were SSG 8% and avicel ph 102 7%.  Avicel ph 102 and SSG had the effect of accelerating the destruction time and slowing down the dissolution rate.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/JSTRP/article/view/27572</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/jstrp.v5i2.27572</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy; 21-30</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2776-0685</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/jstrp.v5i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/JSTRP/article/view/27572/7009</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>