The Effect of Alginate-Chitosan/Quaternary Chitosan Concentration on The Release of Propolis (Tetragonula Spp.) in Hydrogel Wound Dressings

Nugroho, Iqbal; Priskilla Meliana Hutahaean; Melania Diu; Aulya Indah Purwanty; Annisa Aulia Savitri

doi:10.15294/jstrp.v5i2.35129

Journal

The Effect of Alginate-Chitosan/Quaternary Chitosan Concentration on The Release of Propolis (Tetragonula Spp.) in Hydrogel Wound Dressings

Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy · Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025) · pp. 16–20

DOI: 10.15294/jstrp.v5i2.35129
ISSN: 2776-0685
Published: 2025-11-21
Publisher: Universitas Negeri Semarang
Language: eng

Abstract

The increasing incidence of acute and chronic wounds globally requires the development of effective wound dressings. This study aims to formulate and analyze the release profile of propolis extract (Tetragonula spp.), which has potential biological activity for wound healing, from a hydrogel wound dressing (HWD) based on alginate-chitosan/quaternary chitosan biocomposite as a delivery system that can control its release. Propolis extract, which has been tested positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids, was formulated into four HWD formulas (F1-F4) with varying ratios using the solvent casting method. The results of the release test in PBS medium at pH 7.4 at 37 C for 48 hours showed that all formulas produced a gradual release. The results of the One-Way ANOVA test on the final cumulative release showed no statistically significant differences (p>0.05). However, descriptively, Formula F2 (4% alginate-8% quaternary chitosan) showed the highest release percentage (99.85%) with the most stable rate, followed by F4 (98.71%), while F3 with high chitosan showed the lowest percentage (86.65%). The best release kinetics analysis followed the Higuchi model (R² ≥ 0.95), indicating that the release mechanism was controlled by diffusion. It was concluded that variations in the alginate and chitosan/quaternary chitosan ratios affected the release pattern and rate, and Formula F2 with a balanced ratio produced an optimal controlled release profile, making it the most ideal candidate for further development as a therapeutic hydrogel wound dressing.

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Co-author	Organisation	Joint articles
Fitri Indrawati	Affiliation unknown	1
Luqman Alwi	Affiliation unknown	1
Sri Ratna Rahayu	Affiliation unknown	1
Palgunadi Palgunadi	Affiliation unknown	1
Diah Rahmah Permatasari	Affiliation unknown	1
Ikhsan Ramadhan	Affiliation unknown	1
Jacklyn Mahardeka Putri Sherman	Affiliation unknown	1
Nasywa Vebhe Pranandari	Affiliation unknown	1
Widya Kusuma Wardhani	Affiliation unknown	1
Jemima Pradipta Apituley	Affiliation unknown	1
Widya Hary Cahyati	Affiliation unknown	1
Margareta Rahayuningsih	Affiliation unknown	1
Dliya Laela Eka Meviana	Affiliation unknown	1
Fathurrahman Muhammad	Affiliation unknown	1
Cantika Salya Manikawening Anakita	Affiliation unknown	1
Neli Syahida Ni’ma	Affiliation unknown	1
Willy Tirza Eden	Affiliation unknown	1
Samuel Budi Wardhana Kusuma	Affiliation unknown	1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/JSTRP/oai, first harvested 5 Nov 2026, last seen 5 Nov 2026.

Original metadata (oai_dc)

<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">The Effect of Alginate-Chitosan/Quaternary Chitosan Concentration on The Release of Propolis (Tetragonula Spp.) in Hydrogel Wound Dressings</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Nugroho, Iqbal</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Priskilla Meliana Hutahaean</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Melania Diu</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Aulya Indah Purwanty</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Annisa Aulia Savitri</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Propolis</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Hydrogel wound dressing</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Alginate</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Chitosan</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Drug release</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Tetragonula spp.</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">The increasing incidence of acute and chronic wounds globally requires the development of effective wound dressings. This study aims to formulate and analyze the release profile of propolis extract (Tetragonula spp.), which has potential biological activity for wound healing, from a hydrogel wound dressing (HWD) based on alginate-chitosan/quaternary chitosan biocomposite as a delivery system that can control its release. Propolis extract, which has been tested positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids, was formulated into four HWD formulas (F1-F4) with varying ratios using the solvent casting method. The results of the release test in PBS medium at pH 7.4 at 37 C for 48 hours showed that all formulas produced a gradual release. The results of the One-Way ANOVA test on the final cumulative release showed no statistically significant differences (p&amp;gt;0.05). However, descriptively, Formula F2 (4% alginate-8% quaternary chitosan) showed the highest release percentage (99.85%) with the most stable rate, followed by F4 (98.71%), while F3 with high chitosan showed the lowest percentage (86.65%). The best release kinetics analysis followed the Higuchi model (R² ≥ 0.95), indicating that the release mechanism was controlled by diffusion. It was concluded that variations in the alginate and chitosan/quaternary chitosan ratios affected the release pattern and rate, and Formula F2 with a balanced ratio produced an optimal controlled release profile, making it the most ideal candidate for further development as a therapeutic hydrogel wound dressing.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/JSTRP/article/view/35129</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/jstrp.v5i2.35129</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy; 16-20</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2776-0685</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/jstrp.v5i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/JSTRP/article/view/35129/7012</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Science and Technology Research for Pharmacy</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>