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Development of a Problem-Based Learning Module Based on the Game of Bocce to Improve Gross Motor Skills and Social Interaction in Children with Intellectual Disabilities

ACPES Journal of Physical Education, Sport, and Health (AJPESH) · Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026) · pp. 10–19

DOI
10.15294/ajpesh.v6i1.58278
ISSN
2797-0426
Published
2026-08-31
Publisher
Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) in cooperation with ACPES (ASEAN Council of Physical Education and Sport)
Language
eng

Abstract

Children with Down syndrome often experience delays in gross motor skills and social interaction that limit their physical participation, independence, and quality of life, while adapted physical education in special schools generally remains teacher-centred and makes minimal use of interactive media. This study aimed to develop a bocce-based Problem-Based Learning (PBL) module for adapted physical education and to conduct a preliminary evaluation of its expert-based feasibility and practicality, of changes in gross motor performance following implementation, and of students’ social interaction observed during the learning activities. A Research and Development study using the ADDIE model was conducted in three phases: (1) product development with expert appraisal by physical-education, special-education, and practitioner reviewers; (2) a small-scale feasibility trial; and (3) field implementation with a one-group pretest–posttest preliminary outcome evaluation involving 17 children with Down syndrome at two special schools in Semarang. Gross motor performance was analysed with descriptive statistics, a paired-samples t-test, Cohen’s d, and N-gain; social interaction was assessed through structured observation during implementation. The products showed acceptable expert-based feasibility (instructional module 81.25%; worksheet 78.30%; module 74.60%) and high practicality (teacher 92.5%; student 90%). Gross motor performance improved significantly following implementation, from 51.10% to 79.96% (t(16) = 8.42, p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 2.11; moderate N-gain = 0.57). Social interaction was observed at a favourable level (81%) during the activities; as no baseline was collected, this is a descriptive process indicator rather than an improvement outcome. The bocce-based PBL module demonstrated acceptable expert-based feasibility and high practicality and was associated with a significant improvement in gross motor performance, with favourable social interaction observed during implementation. These preliminary findings support the module as an adaptive learning alternative and warrant confirmation through controlled designs.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

26 authors · 75 co-authorship links

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Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Tubagus HerlambangAffiliation unknown8
Muh. Isna Nurdin WibisanaAffiliation unknown8
Donny Anhar FahmiAffiliation unknown6
Utvi Hinda ZhannisaAffiliation unknown6
Deni Wahyu JumawanAffiliation unknown6
Bertika Kusuma PrastiwiAffiliation unknown6
Yudha Dwi BintoroAffiliation unknown3
Buyung KusumawardhanaAffiliation unknown2
Aulia Chairul AnamaAffiliation unknown1
Galih Dwi PradiptaAffiliation unknown1
Indriyani RahayuAffiliation unknown1
Ihsan IbadurrahmanAffiliation unknown1
SugengAffiliation unknown1
Tandiyo RahayuAffiliation unknown1
Donny Wira Yudha KusumaAffiliation unknown1
Dina Ade IrmawatiAffiliation unknown1
Muh. IsnaAffiliation unknown1
Danang Aji SetiawanAffiliation unknown1
Akbar SidiqAffiliation unknown1
Dhaniel ErlanggaAffiliation unknown1
Saka Surya SurojoAffiliation unknown1
fajar widiyatmokoAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ajpesh/oai, first harvested 5 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Development of a Problem-Based Learning Module Based on the Game of Bocce to Improve Gross Motor Skills and Social Interaction in Children with Intellectual Disabilities</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Ibnu Fatkhu Royana</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Danang Aji Setyawan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Pandu Kresnapati</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Dani Slamet Pratama</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Down syndrome</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">adapted physical education</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">bocce</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">problem-based learning</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">gross motor skills</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">social interaction</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Children with Down syndrome often experience delays in gross motor skills and social interaction that limit their physical participation, independence, and quality of life, while adapted physical education in special schools generally remains teacher-centred and makes minimal use of interactive media. This study aimed to develop a bocce-based Problem-Based Learning (PBL) module for adapted physical education and to conduct a preliminary evaluation of its expert-based feasibility and practicality, of changes in gross motor performance following implementation, and of students’ social interaction observed during the learning activities. A Research and Development study using the ADDIE model was conducted in three phases: (1) product development with expert appraisal by physical-education, special-education, and practitioner reviewers; (2) a small-scale feasibility trial; and (3) field implementation with a one-group pretest–posttest preliminary outcome evaluation involving 17 children with Down syndrome at two special schools in Semarang. Gross motor performance was analysed with descriptive statistics, a paired-samples t-test, Cohen’s d, and N-gain; social interaction was assessed through structured observation during implementation. The products showed acceptable expert-based feasibility (instructional module 81.25%; worksheet 78.30%; module 74.60%) and high practicality (teacher 92.5%; student 90%). Gross motor performance improved significantly following implementation, from 51.10% to 79.96% (t(16) = 8.42, p &amp;lt; 0.001; Cohen’s d = 2.11; moderate N-gain = 0.57). Social interaction was observed at a favourable level (81%) during the activities; as no baseline was collected, this is a descriptive process indicator rather than an improvement outcome. The bocce-based PBL module demonstrated acceptable expert-based feasibility and high practicality and was associated with a significant improvement in gross motor performance, with favourable social interaction observed during implementation. These preliminary findings support the module as an adaptive learning alternative and warrant confirmation through controlled designs.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) in cooperation with ACPES (ASEAN Council of Physical Education and Sport)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-08-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ajpesh/article/view/58278</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/ajpesh.v6i1.58278</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">ACPES Journal of Physical Education, Sport, and Health (AJPESH); Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): June 2026; 10-19</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2797-0426</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/ajpesh.v6i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ajpesh/article/view/58278/11300</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 ACPES Journal of Physical Education, Sport, and Health (AJPESH)</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>