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Religious Diversity in the Digital Economy: Interfaith Legal Pathways to Harmonize Sharia, Christian Ethics, and International Law

Contemporary Issues on Interfaith Law and Society · Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025) · pp. 207–264

DOI
10.15294/ciils.v4i2.33011
ISSN
2829-8624, 2829-8373
Published
2025-12-31
Publisher
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

The rapid expansion of the digital economy has generated new opportunities for commerce, communication, and innovation, while simultaneously producing complex legal and ethical challenges with profound implications for religious communities in plural societies. Practices such as fraudulent halal certification in online markets, algorithmic bias affecting devotional content, misinformation that exacerbates interreligious tensions, and fintech models that risk violating prohibitions on riba, gharar, and maisir illustrate how digital governance intersects with religious norms and international legal standards. This article examines five key domains in which these interactions are most visible: consumer protection, religious data privacy, online speech and blasphemy-adjacent harms, fintech ethics, and the recognition of cross-border electronic contracts. The study analyzes statutory instruments, international regulatory frameworks, and Sharia jurisprudence alongside Christian and secular legal-ethical perspectives to assess points of convergence and divergence. The findings reveal substantial agreement across traditions on prohibiting fraud, ensuring transparency, and protecting human dignity, alongside persistent tensions regarding religious sensitivities in advertising, content moderation, and financial design. To address these challenges, the article proposes a harmonization roadmap that includes soft-law guidance for digital platforms, faith-sensitive model clauses for e-contracts and online dispute resolution, judicial interpretive canons grounded in maqāṣid al-sharīʿah and international human-rights norms, regulatory sandboxes for ethical fintech innovation, and academic partnerships for training, auditing, and accountability. By situating digital-economy governance within an interfaith legal framework, the article offers a pathway for transforming digital marketplaces into spaces of fairness, inclusivity, and constructive interreligious coexistence, with particular relevance for Muslim-majority contexts such as Indonesia.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 93 co-authorship links · 1 across different organisations · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Universitas Halu Oleo
  • State University of Semarang
  • Universitas Islam Tribakti Lirboyo Kediri
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Ali MasyharAffiliation unknown2
Jawade HafidzAffiliation unknown2
Erniwati ErniwatiUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Muhammad AnasUniversitas Halu Oleo1
‪Eram Tunggul Pawenang‬State University of Semarang1
Muhammad Azil MaskurAffiliation unknown1
Nadhira Madania DimartiAffiliation unknown1
Mourad BenseghirAffiliation unknown1
Deni SetiyawanAffiliation unknown1
Sri Endah WahyuningsihAffiliation unknown1
NaimahAffiliation unknown1
Raendhi RahmadiAffiliation unknown1
IsmayanaAffiliation unknown1
Hari SuparjoAffiliation unknown1
Bambang Tri BawonoAffiliation unknown1
Zaenal ArifinUniversitas Islam Tribakti Lirboyo Kediri1
Amanda AmandaAffiliation unknown1
Muslimah HayatiAffiliation unknown1
Saritua SilitongaAffiliation unknown1
Ali Al-HammouriAffiliation unknown1
Tareq Al-BillehAffiliation unknown1
Abdulaziz bin Saud Al MamariAffiliation unknown1
Emad Ahmad AbousudAffiliation unknown1
Naimah NaimahAffiliation unknown1
Gunnarto GunnartoAffiliation unknown1
Atta Abdel Aaty El-SonbatyAffiliation unknown1
Anies Marsudiati PurbadiriAffiliation unknown1
Hartiwiningsih HartiwiningsihAffiliation unknown1
Hari PurwadiAffiliation unknown1
Andri Winjaya LaksanaAffiliation unknown1
M. Ali MansyurAffiliation unknown1
Dini Amalia FitriAffiliation unknown1
Achmad ArifullahAffiliation unknown1
Agus Prasetia WirantoAffiliation unknown1
Ingati Margaretha WaruwuAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ciils/oai, first harvested 5 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Religious Diversity in the Digital Economy: Interfaith Legal Pathways to Harmonize Sharia, Christian Ethics, and International Law</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Azam, Muhammad</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Abdul-Majeed Hamdoun, Abdullah </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Alhaleem Maslat Harahsheh , Eid Abed</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Mashdurohatun, Anis </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Sidauruk, Hamonangan Parsaulian</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Digital economy governance</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Sharia and interfaith law</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Religious pluralism and legal systems</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Religious data protection</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Cross-border electronic contracts</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">The rapid expansion of the digital economy has generated new opportunities for commerce, communication, and innovation, while simultaneously producing complex legal and ethical challenges with profound implications for religious communities in plural societies. Practices such as fraudulent halal certification in online markets, algorithmic bias affecting devotional content, misinformation that exacerbates interreligious tensions, and fintech models that risk violating prohibitions on riba, gharar, and maisir illustrate how digital governance intersects with religious norms and international legal standards. This article examines five key domains in which these interactions are most visible: consumer protection, religious data privacy, online speech and blasphemy-adjacent harms, fintech ethics, and the recognition of cross-border electronic contracts. The study analyzes statutory instruments, international regulatory frameworks, and Sharia jurisprudence alongside Christian and secular legal-ethical perspectives to assess points of convergence and divergence. The findings reveal substantial agreement across traditions on prohibiting fraud, ensuring transparency, and protecting human dignity, alongside persistent tensions regarding religious sensitivities in advertising, content moderation, and financial design. To address these challenges, the article proposes a harmonization roadmap that includes soft-law guidance for digital platforms, faith-sensitive model clauses for e-contracts and online dispute resolution, judicial interpretive canons grounded in maqāṣid al-sharīʿah and international human-rights norms, regulatory sandboxes for ethical fintech innovation, and academic partnerships for training, auditing, and accountability. By situating digital-economy governance within an interfaith legal framework, the article offers a pathway for transforming digital marketplaces into spaces of fairness, inclusivity, and constructive interreligious coexistence, with particular relevance for Muslim-majority contexts such as Indonesia.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ciils/article/view/33011</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/ciils.v4i2.33011</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Contemporary Issues on Interfaith Law and Society; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): Digital Society and Interfaith Legal Challenges; 207-264</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2829-8624</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2829-8373</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ciils/article/view/33011/8033</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 MUHAMMAD azam, Abdullah  Abdul-Majeed Hamdoun, Dr. Eid Abed Alhaleem Maslat Harahsheh , Prof. Dr. Anis Mashdurohatun, S.H.,M.Hum, Hamonangan Parsaulian Sidauruk (Author)</dc:rights>
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