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University Autonomy and Performance in Indonesia: An Agency Theory Approach

Educational Management · Vol. 14 No. 1 (2025) · pp. 23–32

DOI
10.15294/eduman.v14i1.32037
ISSN
2502-454X, 2252-7001
Published
2025-01-26
Publisher
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Language
eng

Abstract

This study investigated how agency costs affected the performance of Indonesian state universities operating under different levels of autonomy—those with Legal Entity Status (PTNBH) and those functioning as Public Service Agencies (PTNBLU). Employing a quantitative explanatory design, the research analyzed secondary data from 2020 to 2023, which included financial statements and Key Performance Indicator (IKU) scores. Agency costs were represented by the Operating Expense Ratio (OER) and Asset Turnover Ratio (ATR). The findings revealed that both OER and ATR significantly influenced university performance in both PTNBH and PTNBLU models. PTNBH institutions appeared more responsive to government goals, as indicated by their higher ATR values. Nonetheless, the additional revenue generated through efficient asset utilization was insufficient to offset their elevated operating expenses. The persistently high OER among PTNBH institutions highlighted the need for organizational restructuring to enhance efficiency. Overall, the study provided empirical support for agency theory within non-profit higher education settings and emphasized the critical role of balancing institutional autonomy with strong accountability mechanisms.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 122 co-authorship links · 3 across different organisations · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • State University of Semarang
  • Universitas Media Nusantara Citra
  • Universitas Muara Bungo
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Suwito Eko PramonoAffiliation unknown5
Tri Joko RaharjoAffiliation unknown5
Tri Joko RaharjoAffiliation unknown4
Widiyanto WidiyantoAffiliation unknown4
Noor HudallahAffiliation unknown3
Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika PrajantiState University of Semarang2
Nina OktarinaAffiliation unknown2
Agus WahyudinAffiliation unknown2
Sugiyo SugiyoAffiliation unknown2
Titi PrihatinAffiliation unknown2
Muhammad KhafidAffiliation unknown2
Kardoyo KardoyoAffiliation unknown2
I Gusti Ayu Agung Aristi PutriUniversitas Media Nusantara Citra1
Ananda Fiky Dibanu KhaerUniversitas Media Nusantara Citra1
Tri Joko RaharjoState University of Semarang1
Harianingsih HarianingsihState University of Semarang1
Didik WiyonoState University of Semarang1
Muhammad Zaini MiftahState University of Semarang1
Angga Pandu WijayaState University of Semarang1
Margareta RahayuningsihAffiliation unknown1
S MartonoAffiliation unknown1
Soesanto SoesantoAffiliation unknown1
Agnees Dyah RachmawatieAffiliation unknown1
Gatot Hadi PrasetyoAffiliation unknown1
Yeri SutopoAffiliation unknown1
Edi YuliantoAffiliation unknown1
Fitri NurjannahAffiliation unknown1
Aprilia SusantiUniversitas Muara Bungo1
WasinoAffiliation unknown1
Suwito Eko ParmonoAffiliation unknown1
Fathur RokhmanState University of Semarang1
WidiyantoAffiliation unknown1
Abdul MuklisAffiliation unknown1
Nurlaily MauludiyahAffiliation unknown1
Murwatiningsih MurwatiningsihAffiliation unknown1
Yan Septio Bintoro AndaniAffiliation unknown1
Siti HandayaniAffiliation unknown1
Yongky Defridus HaekaseAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/eduman/oai, first harvested 5 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">University Autonomy and Performance in Indonesia: An Agency Theory Approach</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en"> Ikmah, Siti Fiki</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Yulianto, Arief </dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">University Autonomy </dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">University Perfomance</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Agency Theory  </dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Agency Costs</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Governance</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">This study investigated how agency costs affected the performance of Indonesian state universities operating under different levels of autonomy—those with Legal Entity Status (PTNBH) and those functioning as Public Service Agencies (PTNBLU). Employing a quantitative explanatory design, the research analyzed secondary data from 2020 to 2023, which included financial statements and Key Performance Indicator (IKU) scores. Agency costs were represented by the Operating Expense Ratio (OER) and Asset Turnover Ratio (ATR). The findings revealed that both OER and ATR significantly influenced university performance in both PTNBH and PTNBLU models. PTNBH institutions appeared more responsive to government goals, as indicated by their higher ATR values. Nonetheless, the additional revenue generated through efficient asset utilization was insufficient to offset their elevated operating expenses. The persistently high OER among PTNBH institutions highlighted the need for organizational restructuring to enhance efficiency. Overall, the study provided empirical support for agency theory within non-profit higher education settings and emphasized the critical role of balancing institutional autonomy with strong accountability mechanisms.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-01-26</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/eduman/article/view/32037</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/eduman.v14i1.32037</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Educational Management; Vol. 14 No. 1 (2025): Regular Issue; 23-32</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2502-454X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2252-7001</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/eduman.v14i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/eduman/article/view/32037/5697</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Educational Management</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>