The Effect of GDP per Capita, Corruption Perception Index, Human Development Index, and Coal Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the BRICS Group of Countries

Daniel, Erikson; Nurjannah Rahayu Kistanti

doi:10.15294/efficient.v8i2.1867

Journal

The Effect of GDP per Capita, Corruption Perception Index, Human Development Index, and Coal Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the BRICS Group of Countries

Efficient: Indonesian Journal of Development Economics · Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025) · pp. 183–193

DOI: 10.15294/efficient.v8i2.1867
ISSN: 2655-318X, 2655-6197
Published: 2025-06-08
Publisher: Universitas Negeri Semarang
Language: eng

Abstract

Economic growth is an important indicator for a country's economy. Along with the development of economic activity, it also has an impact on the environment. This is discussed in the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory where when per capita income increases, at a certain income level, environmental degradation also decreases. This study uses the Pooled Mean group/ARDL method from 1996 to 2021 in the BRICS country group. The results show that the EKC hypothesis does not hold in the short term, but holds in the long term. The corruption perception index has a positive and insignificant effect in the short term and a positive and significant effect in the long term, the human development index has a negative and insignificant effect in the short term and a negative and significant effect in the long term, finally coal consumption has a positive and significant effect in the short term and in the long term. Suggestions in this study include optimizing carbon taxes for countries that have not implemented them and making industrial business feasibility tests so that there are restrictions related to the waste produced.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

14 authors · 38 co-authorship links

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Co-author	Organisation	Joint articles
Andryan Setyadharma	Affiliation unknown	1
P. Eko Prasetyo	Affiliation unknown	1
Karsinah Karsinah	Affiliation unknown	1
Annis Nurfitriana Nihayah	Affiliation unknown	1
Phany Ineke Putri	Affiliation unknown	1
Ayuntavia Ayuntavia	Affiliation unknown	1
Dyah Maya Nihayah	Affiliation unknown	1
Grace Natalia Marpaung	Affiliation unknown	1
Avi Budi Setiawan	Affiliation unknown	1
Bambang Setiaji	Affiliation unknown	1
Savira Ariesta Putri Andike	Affiliation unknown	1
Riska Juliani	Affiliation unknown	1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/efficient/oai, first harvested 5 Nov 2026, last seen 5 Nov 2026.

Original metadata (oai_dc)

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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">The Effect of GDP per Capita, Corruption Perception Index, Human Development Index, and Coal Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the BRICS Group of Countries</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Daniel, Erikson</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Nurjannah Rahayu Kistanti</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">EKC</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Carbon Emissions</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Corruption Perseption Index</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Human Development Index</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Coal Consumption</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en"> Pooled Mean Group</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Economic growth is an important indicator for a country's economy. Along with the development of economic activity, it also has an impact on the environment. This is discussed in the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory where when per capita income increases, at a certain income level, environmental degradation also decreases. This study uses the Pooled Mean group/ARDL method from 1996 to 2021 in the BRICS country group. The results show that the EKC hypothesis does not hold in the short term, but holds in the long term. The corruption perception index has a positive and insignificant effect in the short term and a positive and significant effect in the long term, the human development index has a negative and insignificant effect in the short term and a negative and significant effect in the long term, finally coal consumption has a positive and significant effect in the short term and in the long term. Suggestions in this study include optimizing carbon taxes for countries that have not implemented them and making industrial business feasibility tests so that there are restrictions related to the waste produced.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-06-08</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
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	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
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	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/efficient/article/view/1867</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/efficient.v8i2.1867</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Efficient: Indonesian Journal of Development Economics; Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025); 183-193</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2655-318X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2655-6197</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/v9jn5g50</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/efficient/article/view/1867/5712</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Efficient: Indonesian Journal of Development Economics</dc:rights>
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