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Reconciliation in Modern Penal Policy: a Strategy for Removing Guilt and Criminal Responsibility

IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies) · Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026) · pp. 43–82

DOI
10.15294/ijcls.v11i1.34366
ISSN
2548-1576, 2548-1568
Published
2026-05-04
Publisher
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstract

The Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP), enacted on December 6, 2022, establishes the principles of guilt and criminal responsibility in Article 36, while simultaneously expanding the scope of criminal liability beyond the requirement of the offender's fault. This provision opens the possibility of imposing criminal liability without fault (strict liability). In relation to the termination of prosecution, the KUHP also accommodates the settlement of disputes outside the court through a reconciliation mechanism. The inclusion of this provision has encouraged the researcher to examine the fundamental idea of out-of-court dispute resolution through reconciliation, and to conceptualize the ideal mechanism of reconciliation as a penal policy for eliminating guilt and criminal responsibility within the framework of modern penal policy. This study employs a normative juridical approach. The findings indicate, first, that the fundamental idea of out-of-court dispute resolution through reconciliation lies in harmonization, the protection of victims, and the avoidance of the negative impacts of imprisonment. Second, the reconciliation mechanism must be carefully considered, and this research proposes a categorization of out-of-court dispute resolution in order to provide legal certainty.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

31 authors · 67 co-authorship links

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta
  • Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Rian SaputraAffiliation unknown2
Rofi WahanisaAffiliation unknown1
Mahrus AliAffiliation unknown1
Papontee TeeraphanAffiliation unknown1
I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi HandayaniAffiliation unknown1
Lego KarjokoAffiliation unknown1
Abdul Kadir JaelaniAffiliation unknown1
Josef Purwadi SetiodjatiAffiliation unknown1
Reisa Suci ArimbiAffiliation unknown1
Morten Koch AndersenAffiliation unknown1
Shr-Jie WangAffiliation unknown1
Budiyono BudiyonoAffiliation unknown1
Hibnu NugrohoAffiliation unknown1
Setiawan RamadhaniAffiliation unknown1
Palupi RantauAffiliation unknown1
Pujiyono SuwadiAffiliation unknown1
M ZaidAffiliation unknown1
Tiara TiolinceAffiliation unknown1
Zico Junius FernandoAffiliation unknown1
Sherly Nelsa FitriAffiliation unknown1
Wiwit PratiwiAffiliation unknown1
Nurlaili RahmawatiSyarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta1
FitriaAffiliation unknown1
Ummu HanahAffiliation unknown1
Ahmad GhoziUniversitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim1
Iffah KarimahAffiliation unknown1
Farida PrihatiniAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijcls/oai, first harvested 5 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Reconciliation in Modern Penal Policy: a Strategy for Removing Guilt and Criminal Responsibility</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Umi Rozah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Heru Susetyo</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Yudistira, Aldi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Jaco Barkhuizen</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Reconciliation</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Penal Policy</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Guilt</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Criminal Responsibility</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">The Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP), enacted on December 6, 2022, establishes the principles of guilt and criminal responsibility in Article 36, while simultaneously expanding the scope of criminal liability beyond the requirement of the offender's fault. This provision opens the possibility of imposing criminal liability without fault (strict liability). In relation to the termination of prosecution, the KUHP also accommodates the settlement of disputes outside the court through a reconciliation mechanism. The inclusion of this provision has encouraged the researcher to examine the fundamental idea of out-of-court dispute resolution through reconciliation, and to conceptualize the ideal mechanism of reconciliation as a penal policy for eliminating guilt and criminal responsibility within the framework of modern penal policy. This study employs a normative juridical approach. The findings indicate, first, that the fundamental idea of out-of-court dispute resolution through reconciliation lies in harmonization, the protection of victims, and the avoidance of the negative impacts of imprisonment. Second, the reconciliation mechanism must be carefully considered, and this research proposes a categorization of out-of-court dispute resolution in order to provide legal certainty.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-05-04</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijcls/article/view/34366</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/ijcls.v11i1.34366</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies); Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (May, 2026); 43-82</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2548-1576</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2548-1568</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/ijcls.v11i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijcls/article/view/34366/9114</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Umi Rozah, Heru Susetyo, Aldi Yudistira, Jaco Barkhuizen (Author)</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>