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Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Bio-Oil From Pyrolysis of Moringa Oleifera Seeds Using Microwave Technology

Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan · Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025) · pp. 59–66

DOI
10.15294/jbat.v14i2.29284
ISSN
2407-2370, 2303-0623
Published
2025-12-28
Publisher
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Language
eng

Abstract

This research aims to assess the potential of bio-oil from Moringa oleifera seeds through the analysis of physical and chemical characteristics resulting from the pyrolysis process. Raw materials in the form of Moringa oleifera seed powder were pyrolyzed at 400°C using a microwave reactor. To create oxygen free pyrolysis conditions, nitrogen gas was constantly flowed into the system at a rate of 0.15 NL/min. The process temperature was monitored using a K-type thermocouple, and the reaction was stopped when condensed vapor output was no longer observed. The pyrolysis products in the form of bio-oil and bio-char were then collected and weighed to determine the product fraction. Furthermore, the bio-oil was analyzed to determine its physical and chemical properties, including density, pH, and an indication of its constituent compound components. The results showed that pyrolysis under these conditions produced a dominant amount of bio-char (54.3%) and bio-oil of 24.7% of the total weight. The bio-oil obtained had a high density, in the range of 0.97-1.00 g/cm³, with a relatively acidic pH of 4.5-5.5. Although the bio-oil yield is not high, its complex chemical properties, particularly the content of phenolic compounds, nitriles, and amides, show great potential to be developed as a valuable bio-chemical base material such as antioxidants, biophenols, resins, and bioplastic raw materials. These findings strengthen the prospect of Moringa oleifera seeds as a strategic local biomass for sustainable bioindustry.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 102 co-authorship links · 3 across different organisations · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • State University of Semarang
  • Indonesia University of Education
  • University of Technology Malaysia
  • Universitas Stikubank
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Januar Parlaungan SiregarAffiliation unknown7
Yeri SutopoAffiliation unknown5
Tezara CionitaAffiliation unknown5
Sonika MaulanaAffiliation unknown5
Muhammad KhumaediAffiliation unknown4
Al Ichlas ImranAffiliation unknown3
Adhi KusumastutiAffiliation unknown3
Dwi WidjanarkoAffiliation unknown3
Sri Endah WahyuningsihAffiliation unknown2
Hendrix Noviyanto FirmansyahAffiliation unknown2
Widya AryadiAffiliation unknown2
Karnowo KarnowoAffiliation unknown2
Ulfah Mediaty AriefState University of Semarang2
Eko SupraptonoAffiliation unknown2
Catur PrabowoAffiliation unknown2
Jefri HeridiansyahAffiliation unknown2
Rifky IsmailAffiliation unknown2
Agus PrasetyoUniversitas Stikubank2
Risky IsmailAffiliation unknown2
A. P. BayusenoAffiliation unknown2
Muhammad AfrizalAffiliation unknown2
Andi SuhandiIndonesia University of Education1
Agus SetiawanIndonesia University of Education1
Achmad SamsudinIndonesia University of Education1
Yusri KaminUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Dwi YuliantiState University of Semarang1
Ngurah Made Darma PutraState University of Semarang1
Amalia ShofiAffiliation unknown1
Agita Ainur RizqiyahAffiliation unknown1
Nandhika RizyanAffiliation unknown1
Dwi Fikri ArdiansyahAffiliation unknown1
Lucky ArdiansyahAffiliation unknown1
Okky Aditya RomandonaAffiliation unknown1
Suwahyo -Affiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jbat/oai, first harvested 6 Nov 2026, last seen 6 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Bio-Oil From Pyrolysis of Moringa Oleifera Seeds Using Microwave Technology</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Abram Puspa Pramudita</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">samsudin anis</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Wahyudi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Fitriyana, Deni Fajar</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Halim, Sonika Maulana</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Sukarni</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">biomass, bio-oil, characteristics, moringa oleifera, seeds, pyrolysis</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">This research aims to assess the potential of bio-oil from Moringa oleifera seeds through the analysis of physical and chemical characteristics resulting from the pyrolysis process. Raw materials in the form of Moringa oleifera seed powder were pyrolyzed at 400°C using a microwave reactor. To create oxygen free pyrolysis conditions, nitrogen gas was constantly flowed into the system at a rate of 0.15 NL/min. The process temperature was monitored using a K-type thermocouple, and the reaction was stopped when condensed vapor output was no longer observed. The pyrolysis products in the form of bio-oil and bio-char were then collected and weighed to determine the product fraction. Furthermore, the bio-oil was analyzed to determine its physical and chemical properties, including density, pH, and an indication of its constituent compound components. The results showed that pyrolysis under these conditions produced a dominant amount of bio-char (54.3%) and bio-oil of 24.7% of the total weight. The bio-oil obtained had a high density, in the range of 0.97-1.00 g/cm³, with a relatively acidic pH of 4.5-5.5. Although the bio-oil yield is not high, its complex chemical properties, particularly the content of phenolic compounds, nitriles, and amides, show great potential to be developed as a valuable bio-chemical base material such as antioxidants, biophenols, resins, and bioplastic raw materials. These findings strengthen the prospect of Moringa oleifera seeds as a strategic local biomass for sustainable bioindustry.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-12-28</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jbat/article/view/29284</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/jbat.v14i2.29284</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan; Vol. 14 No. 2 (2025): December 2025 [Nationally Accredited Sinta 3]; 59 - 66</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2407-2370</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2303-0623</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/jbat.v14i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jbat/article/view/29284/7792</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>