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Analysis of Rainwater Acidity in Semarang City

Jurnal Fisika · Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026)

DOI
10.15294/jf.v16i1.7919
ISSN
2684-978X, 2088-1509
Published
2026-05-15
Publisher
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Language
eng

Abstract

Rainwater is the result of the evaporation process that condenses and falls to the earth's surface. On its way, rainwater mixes with dust particulates and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NOx), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and other hydrocarbons. This mixture can produce acid rain if the pH of the rainwater is below 5.6. Analyzing the potential for acid rain in urban areas is important as an early detection measure of potential environmental damage. In Semarang City, which has high traffic density and industrial areas, this study examined the acidity of rainwater during the period 2016-2023. The primary data used were rainwater pH data and chemical compounds from the BMKG Air Quality Testing Laboratory. The data were analyzed descriptively to determine the level of acidity and the content of chemical compounds in rainwater. The results showed that the frequency of acid rain in Semarang peaked in 2020 with 83.3%. Strong acid compounds, such as SO4, NO3, and Cl, dominate the chemical content of rainwater with an average of 62.4%, while strong bases and weak bases are 28.7% and 8.9%, respectively. SO4 and NO3 compounds, which originate from motor vehicle emissions, are the main components determining acid rain in this region. This study provides an important rationale for mitigating and preventing the negative impacts of acid rain in Semarang City

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 125 co-authorship links · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Universitas Halu Oleo
  • Jordan University of Science and Technology
  • Tanjungpura University
  • Universitas Yudharta Pasuruan
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Sukiswo Supeni EdiAffiliation unknown2
Jamaluddin ShiddiqAffiliation unknown2
Rijal MahdiAffiliation unknown2
Irsal AminAffiliation unknown2
Ahmad MustafaJordan University of Science and Technology1
Ermayanti IshakAffiliation unknown1
Abdullah AbdullahAffiliation unknown1
Muslim TadjuddahAffiliation unknown1
Naslina AliminaAffiliation unknown1
Marsia Sumule GenggongUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Ashmarita AshmaritaAffiliation unknown1
Munawir MakmurAffiliation unknown1
Rahmawati RahmawatiAffiliation unknown1
Nur AfifahTanjungpura University1
Melody Angel MasadiAffiliation unknown1
Husaini MaulanaAffiliation unknown1
Alicia Cherie ChandraAffiliation unknown1
Fahad Fauzan Al MunawarAffiliation unknown1
Nurman Maulana IkhsanAffiliation unknown1
Danil Eka FahrudinAffiliation unknown1
Irma RahmawatiAffiliation unknown1
M. Rizky Eka Putra Vi SafrillahAffiliation unknown1
Sungkowo SungkowoAffiliation unknown1
Sobihin SobihinAffiliation unknown1
Rizam Ahada UNAffiliation unknown1
Anggit WicaksonoAffiliation unknown1
Sungatno SungatnoAffiliation unknown1
Ifa Nurul AzizahAffiliation unknown1
Imron FadillahAffiliation unknown1
Amir MahmudUniversitas Yudharta Pasuruan1
Zulfa Zakiatul HidayahAffiliation unknown1
Nadia MeiraniAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad YusufUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Umi WidyastutiAffiliation unknown1
Erna AprianiAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jf/oai, first harvested 6 Nov 2026, last seen 6 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Analysis of Rainwater Acidity in Semarang City</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Khotijah, Sri Wulan Siti </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Abdullah, Sri Endah Ardhi Ningrum</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Latif, Abdul </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Sunarno</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Atmoko, Dwi </dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Acid Rain</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Rainwater</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Chemical Compound</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en"> Semarang</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Rainwater is the result of the evaporation process that condenses and falls to the earth's surface. On its way, rainwater mixes with dust particulates and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NOx), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and other hydrocarbons. This mixture can produce acid rain if the pH of the rainwater is below 5.6. Analyzing the potential for acid rain in urban areas is important as an early detection measure of potential environmental damage. In Semarang City, which has high traffic density and industrial areas, this study examined the acidity of rainwater during the period 2016-2023. The primary data used were rainwater pH data and chemical compounds from the BMKG Air Quality Testing Laboratory. The data were analyzed descriptively to determine the level of acidity and the content of chemical compounds in rainwater. The results showed that the frequency of acid rain in Semarang peaked in 2020 with 83.3%. Strong acid compounds, such as SO4, NO3, and Cl, dominate the chemical content of rainwater with an average of 62.4%, while strong bases and weak bases are 28.7% and 8.9%, respectively. SO4 and NO3 compounds, which originate from motor vehicle emissions, are the main components determining acid rain in this region. This study provides an important rationale for mitigating and preventing the negative impacts of acid rain in Semarang City</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-05-15</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jf/article/view/7919</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/jf.v16i1.7919</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Jurnal Fisika; Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Fisika 16 (1) 2026</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2684-978X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2088-1509</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/jf.v16i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jf/article/view/7919/9670</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Fisika</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>