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Legal Protection and Certainty of Land Ownership in Post-Disaster Recovery: Evidence from Indonesia, Spain, and Oman

Journal of Law and Legal Reform · Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026) · pp. 77–112

DOI
10.15294/jllr.v7i1.19431
ISSN
2715-0968, 2715-0941
Published
2026-01-26
Publisher
Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

Abstract

This study investigates the legal protection and certainty of land ownership in post-disaster recovery, with a comparative focus on Indonesia, Spain, and Oman. It particularly examines the aftermath of the 2018 earthquake, tsunami, and liquefaction in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, and contrasts it with recovery efforts in Spain and Oman. Using a descriptive empirical legal approach, the study explores the legal protections for disaster victims, the restoration of land ownership, and challenges in rebuilding. In Indonesia, the 2018 disaster in Petobo Village is analyzed through Governor Regulation No. 10 of 2019, which governs post-disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction. The law stipulates the rights to land restitution and housing reconstruction; however, delays in permanent housing construction have hindered the realization of victims’ rights. In Spain, the recovery from the 2011 earthquake in Lorca is examined under the Royal Decree 307/2005, which regulates compensation for victims of natural disasters. Despite the law’s aim to safeguard land rights and accelerate recovery, significant delays occurred in land restitution and compensation for affected property owners. In Oman, the Land Expropriation Law (Royal Decree No. 6/2008) and Cyclone Gonu Recovery Law provide mechanisms for land distribution and compensation, but challenges arose due to incomplete property registration and inconsistent enforcement, which delayed recovery efforts. By comparing these legal frameworks, the study highlights the differences in land governance and proposes recommendations for strengthening legal protections and ensuring faster, more efficient recovery in post-disaster contexts.

Keywords

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Ridwan ArifinAffiliation unknown4
Admiral AdmiralAffiliation unknown2
Fadhel Arjuna AdindaAffiliation unknown2
Ahsanul FahmiAffiliation unknown2
Arlo Benjamin ScottAffiliation unknown2
Ketut Elly SutrisniAffiliation unknown1
I Gede Agus KurniawanAffiliation unknown1
Anak Agung Ayu Ngurah Sri Rahayu GordaAffiliation unknown1
Princess Alyssa Tee-anastacioAffiliation unknown1
R Benny RiyantoAffiliation unknown1
Nurul FibriantiAffiliation unknown1
Adnan Ibrahim SarhanAffiliation unknown1
Irawaty IrawatyAffiliation unknown1
Rosyidi HamzahAffiliation unknown1
Agus LaniniAffiliation unknown1
Elisabeth Christina TanAffiliation unknown1
Mamonto Moch. Andry Wikra WardhanaAffiliation unknown1
Mashaallah Othman AlzwaeAffiliation unknown1
Adie Dwiyanto NurlukmanAffiliation unknown1
Muliadi MuliadiAffiliation unknown1
Windiahsari WindiahsariAffiliation unknown1
Rodiyah RodiyahAffiliation unknown1
Asmarani RamliAffiliation unknown1
Valerio SebastianAffiliation unknown1
Waspiah WaspiahAffiliation unknown1
Tegar Islami PutraAffiliation unknown1
Adinda Zeranica Putri FakhisAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad Hilmi Naufal AflahAffiliation unknown1
Anisa TussalehaAffiliation unknown1
Mahima Umaela FirdhausyaAffiliation unknown1
Mohamed Cheick BananeAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad AkbarAffiliation unknown1
Niharika KumarAffiliation unknown1
Shobhit Pratap SinghAffiliation unknown1
Rajvendra SinghAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jllr/oai, first harvested 6 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Legal Protection and Certainty of Land Ownership in Post-Disaster Recovery: Evidence from Indonesia, Spain, and Oman</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Maisa, Maisa</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Nafri , Muh</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Amri, Amriana</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Alejandro, Sergi Fernandez</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Ezzerouali, Souad Ahmed</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Legal Protection</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Land Ownership</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Post-Disaster Recovery</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Legal Certainty</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">This study investigates the legal protection and certainty of land ownership in post-disaster recovery, with a comparative focus on Indonesia, Spain, and Oman. It particularly examines the aftermath of the 2018 earthquake, tsunami, and liquefaction in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, and contrasts it with recovery efforts in Spain and Oman. Using a descriptive empirical legal approach, the study explores the legal protections for disaster victims, the restoration of land ownership, and challenges in rebuilding. In Indonesia, the 2018 disaster in Petobo Village is analyzed through Governor Regulation No. 10 of 2019, which governs post-disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction. The law stipulates the rights to land restitution and housing reconstruction; however, delays in permanent housing construction have hindered the realization of victims’ rights. In Spain, the recovery from the 2011 earthquake in Lorca is examined under the Royal Decree 307/2005, which regulates compensation for victims of natural disasters. Despite the law’s aim to safeguard land rights and accelerate recovery, significant delays occurred in land restitution and compensation for affected property owners. In Oman, the Land Expropriation Law (Royal Decree No. 6/2008) and Cyclone Gonu Recovery Law provide mechanisms for land distribution and compensation, but challenges arose due to incomplete property registration and inconsistent enforcement, which delayed recovery efforts. By comparing these legal frameworks, the study highlights the differences in land governance and proposes recommendations for strengthening legal protections and ensuring faster, more efficient recovery in post-disaster contexts.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-01-26</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jllr/article/view/19431</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/jllr.v7i1.19431</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Journal of Law and Legal Reform; Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): January, 2026; 77-112</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2715-0968</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2715-0941</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/jllr.v7i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jllr/article/view/19431/8315</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Maisa Maisa, Muh Nafri , Amriana Amri, Sergi Fernandez Alejandro, Souad Ahmed Ezzerouali (Author)</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>