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Audio Visual-Based Breaststroke Swimming Training Model for Beginner Athletes Elementary School (12-13 Years Old)

Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport · Vol. 13 No. 1 (2026) · pp. 63–71

DOI
10.15294/jpehs.v13i1.42803
ISSN
2354-7901, 2354-8231
Published
2026-04-30
Publisher
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Language
eng

Abstract

Breaststroke is one of the basic swimming styles most often learned by beginner athletes, but mastering the technique requires complex coordination between arm, leg and breathing movements. Innovation of audio-visual based training model is seen as a solution to increase the effectiveness of breaststroke technique learning. This study aims to develop and test the effectiveness of an audio-visual based breaststroke swimming training model for beginner athletes of elementary school (12–13 years old). This study uses a Research and Development (R&D) approach with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The research subjects were 66 athletes divided into experimental and control groups. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews, and swimming skills tests. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, normality tests, homogeneity tests, paired sample t-tests, and N-Gain tests with the help of IBM SPSS Statistics 25. The results showed that the developed training model was declared valid by material experts and media experts with several revisions for improvement. The implementation of the model showed a significant increase in the experimental group (t = -10.566; p < 0.05) compared to the control group (t = -8.527; p < 0.05). Improved learning outcomes in the experimental group demonstrated that integrating audiovisual media and ground training strengthened athletes' mental representations and motor coordination. The developed model not only improved performance but also enhanced the quality of the learning process in a more interactive and systematic way.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

30 authors · 71 co-authorship links

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  • Padjadjaran University
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
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Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Firmansyah DlisAffiliation unknown2
Moch. AsmawiAffiliation unknown2
YuliasihAffiliation unknown1
Eva Julianti PramudyaAffiliation unknown1
RamdaniAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad Fachri AfrizalAffiliation unknown1
Ayu Ratna WulandariAffiliation unknown1
Muhamad Fidi AzkaAffiliation unknown1
Aan WasanAffiliation unknown1
Oman Unju SubandiAffiliation unknown1
SujarwoAffiliation unknown1
Vindo Pramata IllandaAffiliation unknown1
Miftah Fariz Prima PutraAffiliation unknown1
Darius YobeeAffiliation unknown1
Khurotul AiniAffiliation unknown1
Nurman HasibuanAffiliation unknown1
Noviria SukmawatiAffiliation unknown1
Selvi Atesta KesumawatiAffiliation unknown1
Iwan SetiawanPadjadjaran University1
Razali RazaliAffiliation unknown1
Sukiri SukiriAffiliation unknown1
Dena WidyawanAffiliation unknown1
Eka Fitri Novita SariAffiliation unknown1
Johansyah LubisAffiliation unknown1
Dzihan Khilmi Ayu FirdausiAffiliation unknown1
WidiastutiAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jpehs/oai, first harvested 6 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Audio Visual-Based Breaststroke Swimming Training Model for Beginner Athletes Elementary School (12-13 Years Old)</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Suharmawan Ramadhan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Ramdan Pelana</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Hernawan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Sulthan Hadist Ismaiedh Cukarso</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Breaststroke</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Audio Visual  </dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Grade III (12-13 Years Old)</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Breaststroke is one of the basic swimming styles most often learned by beginner athletes, but mastering the technique requires complex coordination between arm, leg and breathing movements. Innovation of audio-visual based training model is seen as a solution to increase the effectiveness of breaststroke technique learning. This study aims to develop and test the effectiveness of an audio-visual based breaststroke swimming training model for beginner athletes of elementary school (12–13 years old). This study uses a Research and Development (R&amp;amp;D) approach with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The research subjects were 66 athletes divided into experimental and control groups. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews, and swimming skills tests. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, normality tests, homogeneity tests, paired sample t-tests, and N-Gain tests with the help of IBM SPSS Statistics 25. The results showed that the developed training model was declared valid by material experts and media experts with several revisions for improvement. The implementation of the model showed a significant increase in the experimental group (t = -10.566; p &amp;lt; 0.05) compared to the control group (t = -8.527; p &amp;lt; 0.05). Improved learning outcomes in the experimental group demonstrated that integrating audiovisual media and ground training strengthened athletes' mental representations and motor coordination. The developed model not only improved performance but also enhanced the quality of the learning process in a more interactive and systematic way.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-04-30</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jpehs/article/view/42803</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/jpehs.v13i1.42803</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport; Vol. 13 No. 1 (2026); 63 - 71</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2354-7901</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2354-8231</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/jpehs.v13i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jpehs/article/view/42803/8607</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>