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Nuclear Abnormalities and Apoptotic Index of Buccal Cells in Tobacco and Electronic Cigarette Smokers

Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat · Vol. 22 No. 1 (2026) · pp. 123–131

DOI
10.15294/kemas.v22i1.45485
ISSN
2355-3596, 1858-1196
Published
2026-09-26
Publisher
Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI Tingkat Pusat) and Jejaring Nasional Pendidikan Kesehatan (JNPK)
Language
eng

Abstract

Smoking has been shown to have detrimental impacts on dental health all around the world. Electronic cigarettes have become increasingly popular due to manufacturers’ claims that their products are less dangerous and can even enhance oral health by offering alternatives to smoking. This study aimed to investigate possible cytotoxic damage through the evaluation of nuclear abnormalities and apoptotic index in the buccal mucosa of tobacco cigarette (TC) and e-cigarette (EC) smokers compared to non-smokers (NS). Sixty male participants were recruited for 3 groups, with 20 participants per group. A history of ≥ 2 years of smoking was required for TC and EC groups. Buccal mucosal smears were obtained, which were further processed with the modified Papanicolaou stain. The frequencies of each type of nuclear abnormality and apoptotic index were recorded and statistically analyzed at a level of significance of p < 0.05. Duration of smoking was significantly longer in TC than in EC group (p = 0.000). Frequencies of nuclear abnormalities were significantly higher in both TC and EC than in the NS group (p = 0.000). Conversely, apoptotic index was significantly lower in TC and EC than in the NS group (p = 0.000). However, there were no significant differences in nuclear abnormalities or the apoptotic index between TC and EC. The marked increase in nuclear abnormalities and the lower decrease of apoptotic index over a much shorter smoking duration suggest greater potential toxicity and damage from e-cigarette use.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

9 authors · 16 co-authorship links

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  • Jenderal Soedirman University
  • Affiliation unknown
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  • Same organisation
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Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Irfan DwiandhonoAffiliation unknown1
Muthiary Nitzschia Nur Iswary WinantoAffiliation unknown1
Setiadi Warata LogamartaAffiliation unknown1
Aris Aji KurniawanAffiliation unknown1
Haris Budi WidodoJenderal Soedirman University1
Restian Febi AndiniAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/kemas/oai, first harvested 6 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Nuclear Abnormalities and Apoptotic Index of Buccal Cells in Tobacco and Electronic Cigarette Smokers</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Novrial, Dody</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Tanjung, Laksmita</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Satrio, Rinawati</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">genotoxicity</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">apoptosis</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">smoke</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">vapor</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Smoking has been shown to have detrimental impacts on dental health all around the world. Electronic cigarettes have become increasingly popular due to manufacturers’ claims that their products are less dangerous and can even enhance oral health by offering alternatives to smoking. This study aimed to investigate possible cytotoxic damage through the evaluation of nuclear abnormalities and apoptotic index in the buccal mucosa of tobacco cigarette (TC) and e-cigarette (EC) smokers compared to non-smokers (NS). Sixty male participants were recruited for 3 groups, with 20 participants per group. A history of ≥ 2 years of smoking was required for TC and EC groups. Buccal mucosal smears were obtained, which were further processed with the modified Papanicolaou stain. The frequencies of each type of nuclear abnormality and apoptotic index were recorded and statistically analyzed at a level of significance of p &amp;lt; 0.05. Duration of smoking was significantly longer in TC than in EC group (p = 0.000). Frequencies of nuclear abnormalities were significantly higher in both TC and EC than in the NS group (p = 0.000). Conversely, apoptotic index was significantly lower in TC and EC than in the NS group (p = 0.000). However, there were no significant differences in nuclear abnormalities or the apoptotic index between TC and EC. The marked increase in nuclear abnormalities and the lower decrease of apoptotic index over a much shorter smoking duration suggest greater potential toxicity and damage from e-cigarette use.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang in collaboration with Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI Tingkat Pusat) and Jejaring Nasional Pendidikan Kesehatan (JNPK)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-09-26</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/kemas/article/view/45485</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/kemas.v22i1.45485</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2026); 123 - 131</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2355-3596</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1858-1196</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/kemas.v22i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/kemas/article/view/45485/11519</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>