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Optimization of Water-in-Biodiesel Emulsification of Palm Oil by Ultrasonic Method using Respons Surface Methodology

Rekayasa · Vol. 23 No. 1 (2025) · pp. 1–16

DOI
10.15294/rekayasa.v23i1.31831
ISSN
2527-6964, 0216-6631
Published
2025-07-31
Publisher
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Language
eng

Abstract

Palm oil biodiesel offers a renewable alternative but has high viscosity and density. Emulsifying biodiesel with water reduces these drawbacks and lowers nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. This study aims to optimize the emulsification process of water-in-biodiesel emulsion made from palm biodiesel (B100) using an indirect ultrasonic method and the response surface methodology approach with a Box-Behnken design. Three main independent variables were examined: hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values (6, 7.5, and 9), water concentrations (9%, 12%, and 15% v/v), and surfactant concentrations (5%, 7%, and 9% v/v) with a combination of Tween 80 and Span 80 as surfactants. The experimental process involves the synthesis of biodiesel from palm oil through transesterification with the help of 100W ultrasonic power for 15 minutes at room temperature. The analysis was carried out on three main parameters: density, viscosity, and water droplet size on water-in-biodiesel. The results of laboratory tests and statistical modeling show the three independent variables have a significant effect on the physical properties of water-in-biodiesel. The optimization resulted in the best conditions at a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value of 6.11, water concentration of 9.06%, and surfactant concentration of 5%, with density characteristics of 859.95 kg/m³, kinematic viscosity of 4.44 mm²/s, and average water particle size of 4.46 μm, values close to conventional diesel fuel standards. This study confirms that the indirect ultrasonic method and respons surface methodology-based optimization are effective in improving the performance and character of water-in-biodiesel, potentially becoming a reference for the development of environmentally friendly renewable energy based on palm oil.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 141 co-authorship links · showing the 40 most connected

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Haniif PrasetiawanAffiliation unknown6
Fazlena HamzahAffiliation unknown5
Rozana Azrina SazaliAffiliation unknown4
Dhoni HartantoAffiliation unknown4
Miradatul Najwa Muhd RodhiAffiliation unknown4
Rizki SetiadiAffiliation unknown2
Arief BudimanAffiliation unknown2
Moch Faizal RachmadiAffiliation unknown2
Zuhriyan Ash Shiddieqy BahlawanAffiliation unknown2
Nadya Alfa Cahaya ImaniAffiliation unknown2
Reni Ainun JannahAffiliation unknown2
Rizky IchwanAffiliation unknown2
Syifa Azzahra Putri S.Affiliation unknown2
Widi AstutiAffiliation unknown2
Widya Hary CahyatiAffiliation unknown1
Regina Marsha NathanielaAffiliation unknown1
Annisa Putri SalsabilaAffiliation unknown1
Sultan Aulia RahmatAffiliation unknown1
Wandah WibawantoAffiliation unknown1
Retno WulandariAffiliation unknown1
Harianingsih HarianingsihAffiliation unknown1
Asmarani Ahmad PuziAffiliation unknown1
Arief ArfriandiAffiliation unknown1
Radenrara Dewi Artanti PutriAffiliation unknown1
Delvani Putri Faradilla HamidiAffiliation unknown1
MohammadAffiliation unknown1
Dwi Kharisma LuthfianiAffiliation unknown1
Ade Rahmania YuningsihAffiliation unknown1
Rizqi Fitri NaryantoAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad Faizal Ardhiansyah ArifinAffiliation unknown1
Habib BunajarAffiliation unknown1
Iqbal Rasendriya ArafahAffiliation unknown1
Afrilza Daffa NaryapramonoAffiliation unknown1
Evi WidowatiAffiliation unknown1
Ummi Nur Laila SulistyaniAffiliation unknown1
Fitra Aulia RahmaAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/rekayasa/oai, first harvested 6 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Optimization of Water-in-Biodiesel  Emulsification of Palm Oil by Ultrasonic Method using  Respons Surface Methodology</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Fauzi, Dinda Adelia</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Kusumaningtyas, Ratna Dewi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Widyastuti, Catur Rini</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Veny, Harumi</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">energy</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">fossil fuels</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">renewable alternative</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">transportation</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en"> transesterification</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Palm oil biodiesel offers a renewable alternative but has high viscosity and density. Emulsifying biodiesel with water reduces these drawbacks and lowers nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. This study aims to optimize the emulsification process of water-in-biodiesel emulsion made from palm biodiesel (B100) using an indirect ultrasonic method and the response surface methodology approach with a Box-Behnken design. Three main independent variables were examined: hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values (6, 7.5, and 9), water concentrations (9%, 12%, and 15% v/v), and surfactant concentrations (5%, 7%, and 9% v/v) with a combination of Tween 80 and Span 80 as surfactants. The experimental process involves the synthesis of biodiesel from palm oil through transesterification with the help of 100W ultrasonic power for 15 minutes at room temperature. The analysis was carried out on three main parameters: density, viscosity, and water droplet size on water-in-biodiesel. The results of laboratory tests and statistical modeling show the three independent variables have a significant effect on the physical properties of water-in-biodiesel. The optimization resulted in the best conditions at a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value of 6.11, water concentration of 9.06%, and surfactant concentration of 5%, with density characteristics of 859.95 kg/m³, kinematic viscosity of 4.44 mm²/s, and average water particle size of 4.46 μm, values close to conventional diesel fuel standards. This study confirms that the indirect ultrasonic method and respons surface methodology-based optimization are effective in improving the performance and character of water-in-biodiesel, potentially becoming a reference for the development of environmentally friendly renewable energy based on palm oil.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-07-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/rekayasa/article/view/31831</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/rekayasa.v23i1.31831</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Rekayasa; Vol. 23 No. 1 (2025); 1-16</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2527-6964</dc:source>
	<dc:source>0216-6631</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/rekayasa.v23i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/rekayasa/article/view/31831/5686</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Rekayasa</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>