Melola Discovery

← Melola Discovery

Journal

Comparison of Nanoemulsions and Conservation as a Biopesticide Encapsulation Strategy from Fermentation and Extraction: Review

Rekayasa · Vol. 23 No. 2 (2025) · pp. 105–120

DOI
10.15294/rekayasa.v23i2.42739
ISSN
2527-6964, 0216-6631
Published
2025-12-31
Publisher
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Language
eng

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable agriculture has accelerated the development of biopesticides as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides. However, their application remains constrained by poor stability, low solubility, rapid degradation, and inconsistent field performance. This review aims to evaluate the relationship between bioactive compound production methods and appropriate encapsulation techniques, focusing on fermentation- and extraction-derived biopesticides. A comparative analysis of recent literature was conducted to assess the compatibility of fermentation and extraction processes with coacervation and nanoemulsion encapsulation technologies. The analysis shows that fermentation-derived bioactive compounds, including microbial spores and protein toxins, are best protected through coacervation, which enhances environmental stability and enables controlled release. Conversely, extraction-derived bioactive compounds, such as essential oils, terpenoids, and phenolics, are more effectively formulated using nanoemulsions, improving solubility, dispersion, bioavailability, and biological efficacy while reducing application rates. Matching bioactive production methods with suitable encapsulation strategies significantly enhances formulation stability, active ingredient delivery, and pest control performance. This integrated approach provides a practical framework for developing effective, stable, and commercially viable biopesticides to support sustainable agricultural systems. This review, based on a comparative analysis of recent studies, highlights that fermentation-derived bioactives are more compatible with coacervation systems, whereas extraction-derived bioactives are better suited for nanoemulsion formulations. The findings emphasise that aligning the characteristics of bioactive sources with suitable encapsulation techniques is crucial for improving stability, active ingredient loading, and pest control performance. This integrated approach provides a strategic framework for designing effective, stable, and commercially viable biopesticide formulations that support sustainable agriculture.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

22 authors · 60 co-authorship links

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Zuhriyan Ash Shiddieqy BahlawanAffiliation unknown2
Laila SyafitriAffiliation unknown1
Luluk IsaroyatiAffiliation unknown1
Megawati MegawatiAffiliation unknown1
Amnan HarisAffiliation unknown1
Siti Amalliah Sri AdiningsihAffiliation unknown1
Ahmad Nur RosyidAffiliation unknown1
Bening Aura DewiAffiliation unknown1
Irene Nindita PradnyaAffiliation unknown1
Maulida ZakiaAffiliation unknown1
Indrasukma PermanadewiAffiliation unknown1
Megawati MegawatiAffiliation unknown1
Hanif ArdhiansyahAffiliation unknown1
Serlia Fitri SadanAffiliation unknown1
Nurul KhusnaAffiliation unknown1
Karenina HakimAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/rekayasa/oai, first harvested 6 Nov 2026, last seen 6 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Comparison of Nanoemulsions and Conservation as a Biopesticide Encapsulation Strategy from Fermentation and Extraction: Review</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Damayanti, Astrilia</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Wijayanti, Widya Sari Kusuma</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Ardana, Grandis Belva</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Sari, Fera Utnita</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Prananda, Muhamad Reihan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Siva, Sangeetaprivya P.</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Agriculture</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Bioactive Compounds</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Coacervation</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Essential Oils</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Microbial Metabolites</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">The increasing demand for sustainable agriculture has accelerated the development of biopesticides as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides. However, their application remains constrained by poor stability, low solubility, rapid degradation, and inconsistent field performance. This review aims to evaluate the relationship between bioactive compound production methods and appropriate encapsulation techniques, focusing on fermentation- and extraction-derived biopesticides. A comparative analysis of recent literature was conducted to assess the compatibility of fermentation and extraction processes with coacervation and nanoemulsion encapsulation technologies. The analysis shows that fermentation-derived bioactive compounds, including microbial spores and protein toxins, are best protected through coacervation, which enhances environmental stability and enables controlled release. Conversely, extraction-derived bioactive compounds, such as essential oils, terpenoids, and phenolics, are more effectively formulated using nanoemulsions, improving solubility, dispersion, bioavailability, and biological efficacy while reducing application rates. Matching bioactive production methods with suitable encapsulation strategies significantly enhances formulation stability, active ingredient delivery, and pest control performance. This integrated approach provides a practical framework for developing effective, stable, and commercially viable biopesticides to support sustainable agricultural systems. This review, based on a comparative analysis of recent studies, highlights that fermentation-derived bioactives are more compatible with coacervation systems, whereas extraction-derived bioactives are better suited for nanoemulsion formulations. The findings emphasise that aligning the characteristics of bioactive sources with suitable encapsulation techniques is crucial for improving stability, active ingredient loading, and pest control performance. This integrated approach provides a strategic framework for designing effective, stable, and commercially viable biopesticide formulations that support sustainable agriculture.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-12-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/rekayasa/article/view/42739</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/rekayasa.v23i2.42739</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Rekayasa; Vol. 23 No. 2 (2025); 105-120</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2527-6964</dc:source>
	<dc:source>0216-6631</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/rekayasa.v23i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/rekayasa/article/view/42739/10848</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Rekayasa</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>