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Journal

Revealing the Hidden Burden and Risk Factors of Mental Health Disorders

Unnes Journal of Public Health · Vol. 15 No. 1 (2026) · pp. 18–30

DOI
10.15294/ujph.v15i1.28106
ISSN
2548-7604, 2252-6781
Published
2026-05-09
Publisher
Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) in cooperation with the Association of Indonesian Public Health Experts (Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI))
Language
eng

Abstract

Mental health diseases are a major issue in Indonesia, as evidenced by mental–emotional disorders rising from 6.1% in 2018 to 9.8% in 2021, the reported prevalence of depression being that of up to 6.6%. However, even though national-level data are available, evidence from the specific region regarding the prevalence and risk factors in Bogor is still scant. Including used dataThis study: 2017-2018 NCD Bogor City Knowledge Risk Factor Cohort. The aims were to assess the prevalence of mental health disorders and associated factors and risk profile for each factor. 3,784 people participated. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors. In Bogor City, the prevalence of MHD is reported at 21.4%. Multivariable analysis revealed factors associated with the outcome: below-median income (less than Rp. 3,557.146) (aOR=1.801; p=0.001), age 26-45 (aOR=1.328; p=0.001), male (aOR=1.731; p=0.001), and incomplete elementary education (aOR=1.919; p=0.006). In contrast, completion of only elementary education (aOR = 2.064; p = 0.019), heart disease (aOR = 1.773; p = 0.017), and heavy physical activity (aOR = 1.561; p = 0.001) were found to significantly influence the risk of mental health disorders (MHD) (p = 0.002). Overall, Bogor City exhibits a high prevalence of MHD, with multiple demographic and health-related risk factors contributing to this condition, including low income, age 26–45, male gender, incomplete elementary education, lack of health insurance, comorbid heart disease, and engagement in heavy physical activity.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 129 co-authorship links · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Universitas Halu Oleo
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Mahalul AzamAffiliation unknown2
Arulita Ika FibrianaAffiliation unknown2
Intan ZainafreeAffiliation unknown2
Ray Wagiu BasrowiAffiliation unknown2
Dessy PratiwiAffiliation unknown2
Charisma DilantikaAffiliation unknown2
Febriansyah DarusAffiliation unknown2
Edwin KinesyaAffiliation unknown2
La Ode Ahmad JazuliUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Mustamin AnggoUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Nadia SyukriaAffiliation unknown1
Silfia AddinaAffiliation unknown1
Dwi Sarwani Sri` RejekiAffiliation unknown1
Intan Henda ArdianiAffiliation unknown1
Siwi Pramatama Mars WijayantiAffiliation unknown1
Casmuti CasmutiAffiliation unknown1
Irma ZaimatudduniaAffiliation unknown1
Widya Hary CahyatiAffiliation unknown1
Dina Nur Anggraini NingrumAffiliation unknown1
Henky Yoga PrasetyaAffiliation unknown1
Abdul HakamAffiliation unknown1
Alek JusranAffiliation unknown1
Muhamad IrsamAffiliation unknown1
Irwan BudionoAffiliation unknown1
Intan NurfatihahAffiliation unknown1
Deni KrisnamurtiAffiliation unknown1
Bertri Maulidya MasitaAffiliation unknown1
Dhanasari VidiawatiAffiliation unknown1
Yuda TuranaAffiliation unknown1
Lily Arsanti LestariAffiliation unknown1
Aurellia RyvekaAffiliation unknown1
Siti HelmyatiAffiliation unknown1
Fina Cahya HasanahAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ujph/oai, first harvested 6 Nov 2026, last seen 6 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Revealing the Hidden Burden and Risk Factors of Mental Health Disorders</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Rahayu, Agustin Putri</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Saefurrohim, Muhamad Zakki </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Ningsih, Sri Wahyuni </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Susilastuti, Mustika Suci </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Pratiwi, Amanda Hesti </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Sundjaya, Tonny </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Yuliana, Roma </dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">mental health disorders; risk factors; Bogor</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Mental health diseases are a major issue in Indonesia, as evidenced by mental–emotional disorders rising from 6.1% in 2018 to 9.8% in 2021, the reported prevalence of depression being that of up to 6.6%. However, even though national-level data are available, evidence from the specific region regarding the prevalence and risk factors in Bogor is still scant. Including used dataThis study: 2017-2018 NCD Bogor City Knowledge Risk Factor Cohort. The aims were to assess the prevalence of mental health disorders and associated factors and risk profile for each factor. 3,784 people participated. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors. In Bogor City, the prevalence of MHD is reported at 21.4%. Multivariable analysis revealed factors associated with the outcome: below-median income (less than Rp. 3,557.146) (aOR=1.801; p=0.001), age 26-45 (aOR=1.328; p=0.001), male (aOR=1.731; p=0.001), and incomplete elementary education (aOR=1.919; p=0.006). In contrast, completion of only elementary education (aOR = 2.064; p = 0.019), heart disease (aOR = 1.773; p = 0.017), and heavy physical activity (aOR = 1.561; p = 0.001) were found to significantly influence the risk of mental health disorders (MHD) (p = 0.002). Overall, Bogor City exhibits a high prevalence of MHD, with multiple demographic and health-related risk factors contributing to this condition, including low income, age 26–45, male gender, incomplete elementary education, lack of health insurance, comorbid heart disease, and engagement in heavy physical activity.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) in cooperation with the Association of Indonesian Public Health Experts (Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI))</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-05-09</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
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	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ujph/article/view/28106</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/ujph.v15i1.28106</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Unnes Journal of Public Health; Vol. 15 No. 1 (2026); 18-30</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2548-7604</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2252-6781</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/ujph.v15i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ujph/article/view/28106/9570</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Unnes Journal of Public Health</dc:rights>
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