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Ocular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study based on the Indonesian National Health Insurance Data

Unnes Journal of Public Health · Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026) · pp. 187–194

DOI
10.15294/ujph.v15i2.35652
ISSN
2548-7604, 2252-6781
Published
2026-09-30
Publisher
Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) in cooperation with the Association of Indonesian Public Health Experts (Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI))
Language
eng

Abstract

The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is projected to rise dramatically. Southeast Asia regions will predictably face a 73% increase by 2050, exacerbating risks of microvascular complications like chronic kidney disease (CKD) and ocular disorders. This study aims to investigate the association between ocular comorbidity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with a chronic kidney disease (CKD) according to the Indonesian National Health Insurance data. This retrospective cohort study analyzed 7,581 T2DM patients (11.4% with CKD) from Indonesian National Health Insurance (NHI) database year 2016–2023. Odds ratios (OR) and hazard ratios (HR) for ocular diagnoses (ICD-10 codes) were calculated using contingency tables and cox regression after propensity score matching (PSM) for age and sex. Other retinal disorders (OR: 2.96, 95% CI: 2.22–3.96), vitreous body disorders (OR: 2.92, 95% CI: 2.09–4.08), and other cataracts (OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.35–2.13) had significantly higher odds of CKD occurrence in T2DM patients. Conversely, refractive errors showed a lower OR (0.79, 95% CI: 0.64–0.99). Adjusted HRs confirmed elevated risks of CKD in T2DM patients with other retinal disorders (HR: 2.03) and vitreous body disorders (HR: 1.72). T2DM patients with retinal disorders, vitreous body disorders, globe abnormalities, cataracts, and glaucoma showed markedly higher risks of developing CKD, underscoring the need for integrated screening and management.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

29 authors · 73 co-authorship links

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  • Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
  • Universitas Sumatera Utara
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
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Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Mateus Sakundarno AdiAffiliation unknown2
Amir FaisalAffiliation unknown1
Jodi Hans SitorusAffiliation unknown1
Feerzet AchmadAffiliation unknown1
Suhartono SuhartonoInstitut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember1
Suratman SuratmanAffiliation unknown1
Devi Ayu SusilowatiAffiliation unknown1
Edi KurniawanUniversitas Sumatera Utara1
Evi WidowatiAffiliation unknown1
Alfiana Ainun NisaAffiliation unknown1
Rafidha Nur AlifahAffiliation unknown1
Della Rizky FitrianaAffiliation unknown1
Luvi Lia NursucilowatiAffiliation unknown1
Dita Primanda Arum SwastikaAffiliation unknown1
Syamsul Huda Budi MusthofaAffiliation unknown1
Tri RamadhaniAffiliation unknown1
Risna Endah BudiatiAffiliation unknown1
Suharyo HadisaputroAffiliation unknown1
Rr. Anggun Paramita DjatiAffiliation unknown1
Sri Achadi NugraheniAffiliation unknown1
Apoina KartiniAffiliation unknown1
Moch Taufik HidayatullahAffiliation unknown1
Dyah Hapsari PrananingrumAffiliation unknown1
Endang HaryaniAffiliation unknown1
Vivi Retno InteningAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ujph/oai, first harvested 6 Nov 2026, last seen 6 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Ocular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study based on the Indonesian National Health Insurance Data</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Kresnowati, Lily </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Suhartono </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Shaluhiyah, Zahroh</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Widjanarko, Bagoes</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Ocular Complications; Chronic Kidney Disease; National Health Insurance Data </dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is projected to rise dramatically. Southeast Asia regions will predictably face a 73% increase by 2050, exacerbating risks of microvascular complications like chronic kidney disease (CKD) and ocular disorders. This study aims to investigate the association between ocular comorbidity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with a chronic kidney disease (CKD) according to the Indonesian National Health Insurance data. This retrospective cohort study analyzed 7,581 T2DM patients (11.4% with CKD) from Indonesian National Health Insurance (NHI) database year 2016–2023. Odds ratios (OR) and hazard ratios (HR) for ocular diagnoses (ICD-10 codes) were calculated using contingency tables and cox regression after propensity score matching (PSM) for age and sex.  Other retinal disorders (OR: 2.96, 95% CI: 2.22–3.96), vitreous body disorders (OR: 2.92, 95% CI: 2.09–4.08), and other cataracts (OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.35–2.13) had significantly higher odds of CKD occurrence in T2DM patients. Conversely, refractive errors showed a lower OR (0.79, 95% CI: 0.64–0.99). Adjusted HRs confirmed elevated risks of CKD in T2DM patients with other retinal disorders (HR: 2.03) and vitreous body disorders (HR: 1.72).  T2DM patients with retinal disorders, vitreous body disorders, globe abnormalities, cataracts, and glaucoma showed markedly higher risks of developing CKD, underscoring the need for integrated screening and management.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) in cooperation with the Association of Indonesian Public Health Experts (Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI))</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-09-30</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ujph/article/view/35652</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/ujph.v15i2.35652</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Unnes Journal of Public Health; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026); 187-194</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2548-7604</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2252-6781</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/ujph.v15i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ujph/article/view/35652/11605</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Unnes Journal of Public Health</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>