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Development and Physicochemical Characterization of Ocimum sanctum Essential Oil Nanoemulsion with Preliminary Adulticidal Activity against Aedes aegypti

Unnes Journal of Public Health · Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026) · pp. 141–149

DOI
10.15294/ujph.v15i2.41723
ISSN
2548-7604, 2252-6781
Published
2026-09-30
Publisher
Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) in cooperation with the Association of Indonesian Public Health Experts (Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI))
Language
eng

Abstract

Ocimum sanctum has been widely investigated as a source of bioactive compounds with potential applications in vector control. This study examined the phytochemical profile of O. sanctum essential oil and evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and preliminary adulticidal activity of its nanoemulsion formulation against Aedes aegypti. Essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation was formulated into an oil-in-water nanoemulsion and subsequently characterized through physicochemical and stability testing. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, and other essential oil constituents. The nanoemulsion exhibited a homogeneous appearance, a pH of 6-7, a transmittance of 91-94 %, an adhesion time of 10-14 s, and a spreadability of 9-15 cm. Particle characterization confirmed the formation of nanoscale droplets with acceptable distribution profiles. No signs of skin irritation were observed during the preliminary safety assessment. Adulticidal testing demonstrated transient knockdown effects but limited mortality after 24 h of observation. These findings indicate that O. sanctum essential oil can be formulated into a physically stable nanoemulsion; however, further optimization is required to improve biological performance and residual activity before practical public health applications can be considered.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 161 co-authorship links · showing the 40 most connected

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  • State University of Semarang
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Evi WidowatiAffiliation unknown3
Anik Setyo WahyuningsihState University of Semarang3
Ulayatul KustiatiAffiliation unknown3
Ummi Nur Laila SulistyaniAffiliation unknown2
Risa Anggita PutriAffiliation unknown2
Nastiti WijayantiAffiliation unknown2
Aris HaryantoAffiliation unknown2
Teguh BudipitojoAffiliation unknown2
Dwi Liliek KusindartaAffiliation unknown2
Hanif Satria FebrianandaAffiliation unknown1
Fitra Aulia RahmaAffiliation unknown1
Cahulul Rizaldy HasanAffiliation unknown1
Muhammad MuhibbiAffiliation unknown1
Ismi Elya WirdatiAffiliation unknown1
Yuliati YuliatiAffiliation unknown1
Herry KoesyantoAffiliation unknown1
Nurul Huda AgustianiAffiliation unknown1
Anisa SofianiAffiliation unknown1
Ganies Riza AristyaAffiliation unknown1
Ariana ArianaAffiliation unknown1
Hery WijayantoAffiliation unknown1
Vista BudiariatiAffiliation unknown1
Tri Wahyu PangestiningsihAffiliation unknown1
Khairunnisa AqiilahAffiliation unknown1
Golda Rani SaragihAffiliation unknown1
Krisna Noli AndrianAffiliation unknown1
Srikanth KarnatiAffiliation unknown1
Anisa Putri AvianaAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ujph/oai, first harvested 6 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Development and Physicochemical Characterization of Ocimum sanctum Essential Oil Nanoemulsion with Preliminary Adulticidal Activity against Aedes aegypti</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Sukendra, Dyah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Hevi Wihadmadyatami</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Suryaningtyas, Nungki Hapsari </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Ernawan, Beni</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Zuharah, Wan Fatma</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Puspita Santik, Yunita Dyah </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Muzaqi, Lutfi </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Farasya, Intan Tasya </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Sibarani, Devita  Uzlah </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en"> Gusnawan, Sherly</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Ramadhani, Najiha </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Yulianingrum, Eldasari Myana Yulianingrum</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Aedes aegypti; Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever; Nanoemulsion; Ocimum sanctum; Vector Control</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Ocimum sanctum has been widely investigated as a source of bioactive compounds with potential applications in vector control. This study examined the phytochemical profile of O. sanctum essential oil and evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and preliminary adulticidal activity of its nanoemulsion formulation against Aedes aegypti. Essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation was formulated into an oil-in-water nanoemulsion and subsequently characterized through physicochemical and stability testing. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, and other essential oil constituents. The nanoemulsion exhibited a homogeneous appearance, a pH of 6-7, a transmittance of 91-94 %, an adhesion time of 10-14 s, and a spreadability of 9-15 cm. Particle characterization confirmed the formation of nanoscale droplets with acceptable distribution profiles. No signs of skin irritation were observed during the preliminary safety assessment. Adulticidal testing demonstrated transient knockdown effects but limited mortality after 24 h of observation. These findings indicate that O. sanctum essential oil can be formulated into a physically stable nanoemulsion; however, further optimization is required to improve biological performance and residual activity before practical public health applications can be considered.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) in cooperation with the Association of Indonesian Public Health Experts (Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia (IAKMI))</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-09-30</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ujph/article/view/41723</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15294/ujph.v15i2.41723</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Unnes Journal of Public Health; Vol. 15 No. 2 (2026); 141-149</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2548-7604</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2252-6781</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15294/ujph.v15i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ujph/article/view/41723/11600</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Unnes Journal of Public Health</dc:rights>
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