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Principles of International Justice under the Statute of the International Court of Justice and the ICCPR: Can they be Applied to Criminal Sanctions?

Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law · Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026) · pp. 216–238

DOI
10.22437/up.v7i2.55073
ISSN
2721-8333, 2721-8031
Published
2026-07-08
Publisher
Faculty of Law, Universitas Jambi
Language
en
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstract

Background The restriction of criminal sanctions in regional regulations to fines as mandated by Indonesia's new Criminal Code raises crucial questions regarding their alignment with international standards of justice. As a state bound by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the general principles of law enshrined in the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), Indonesia is obligated to ensure that all domestic legal instruments, including Regional Regulations, uphold principles of justice. Methodology: This normative study employs philosophical, statutory, comparative, and conceptual approaches. Primary and secondary legal materials including international instruments (ICJ Statute, ICCPR, UDHR) and interviews with international law experts were analyzed qualitatively. A comparative study was conducted regarding fine systems and public participation practices in the United Kingdom, Finland, Brazil, the Netherlands, and Japan. Objectives: To assess the compliance of criminal sanctions in Indonesian Regional Regulations with international legal principles of justice and to formulate necessary legal and institutional reforms. Findings: The absence of clear parameters for determining criminal sanctions in Regional Regulations leads to disparities, disproportionality, and legal uncertainty, potentially violating the principles of equality before the law and non-discrimination as set forth in the ICCPR and UDHR. To align with international standards, three essential reforms are required: (1) the formulation of national guidelines containing measurable criminalization parameters; (2) the institutionalization of meaningful public participation in the drafting of Regional Regulations; and (3) the affirmation of criminal sanctions as an ultimum remedium. Originality/Novelty: This study offers a multidimensional framework that evaluates Indonesian regional criminal sanctions through the lens of international law, bridges decentralization policies with global human rights obligations, and provides a model for harmonizing regional autonomy with international justice

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

12 authors · 21 co-authorship links · 2 across different organisations

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  • Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kendari
  • Hasanuddin University
  • Universitas Prof. Dr. Hazairin SH.
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Marwati RizaHasanuddin University2
Lestari DaswanInstitut Agama Islam Negeri Kendari1
Markoni MarkoniUniversitas Prof. Dr. Hazairin SH.1
Max BonsapiaAffiliation unknown1
Aziza AulyaAffiliation unknown1
Hamzah HalimAffiliation unknown1
Aminuddin IlmarAffiliation unknown1
Moch. Andry Wikra Wardhana MamontoAffiliation unknown1
Mohd Shahril Nizam Bin Md RadziAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/index.php/Utipossidetis/oai, first harvested 6 Nov 2026, last seen 6 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Principles of International Justice under the Statute of the International Court of Justice and the ICCPR: Can they be Applied to Criminal Sanctions?</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Wahyuni, Irma</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Moenta, Andi Pangerang</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Naswar, Naswar</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">international justice principles;</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">icj statute;</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">iccpr;</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">regional regulations;</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">criminal sanctions.</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">
Background The restriction of criminal sanctions in regional regulations  to fines as mandated by Indonesia's new Criminal Code raises crucial questions regarding their alignment with international standards of justice. As a state bound by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the general principles of law enshrined in the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), Indonesia is obligated to ensure that all domestic legal instruments, including Regional Regulations, uphold principles of justice. Methodology: This normative study employs philosophical, statutory, comparative, and conceptual approaches. Primary and secondary legal materials including international instruments (ICJ Statute, ICCPR, UDHR) and interviews with international law experts were analyzed qualitatively. A comparative study was conducted regarding fine systems and public participation practices in the United Kingdom, Finland, Brazil, the Netherlands, and Japan. Objectives: To assess the compliance of criminal sanctions in Indonesian Regional Regulations with international legal principles of justice and to formulate necessary legal and institutional reforms. Findings: The absence of clear parameters for determining criminal sanctions in Regional Regulations leads to disparities, disproportionality, and legal uncertainty, potentially violating the principles of equality before the law and non-discrimination as set forth in the ICCPR and UDHR. To align with international standards, three essential reforms are required: (1) the formulation of national guidelines containing measurable criminalization parameters; (2) the institutionalization of meaningful public participation in the drafting of Regional Regulations; and (3) the affirmation of criminal sanctions as an ultimum remedium. Originality/Novelty: This study offers a multidimensional framework that evaluates Indonesian regional criminal sanctions through the lens of international law, bridges decentralization policies with global human rights obligations, and provides a model for harmonizing regional autonomy with international justice
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	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Faculty of Law, Universitas Jambi</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-07-08</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/Utipossidetis/article/view/55073</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.22437/up.v7i2.55073</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law; Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): Juni ; 216-238</dc:source>
	<dc:source xml:lang="id">Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law; Vol 7 No 2 (2026): Juni ; 216-238</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2721-8333</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2721-8031</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/Utipossidetis/article/view/55073/24805</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Irma Wahyuni, Andi Pangerang Moenta Naswar</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
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