From Conservation to Commodification? A Comparative Analysis of Quota-Based Fisheries Governance in Indonesia, Iceland, and New Zealand

Abstract

English

Background: Quota-based fisheries management aims to reconcile stock conservation with efficient access, yet harvesting entitlements may evolve from public allocations into asset-like interests. International lawof the Sea provides conservation frameworks but does not mandate private rights or quota markets. MethodologyThis research employs a qualitative doctrinal-comparative design, combining doctrinal interpretation, content analysis, comparative matrices, and process tracing across UNCLOS 1982, UNFSA 1995, national legislation, policy documents, and literature. Objectives: This study examines how international obligations and domestic legal choices regulate the transformation of harvesting rights from conservation instruments into commodity-like economic interests in Indonesia, Iceland, and New Zealand, and identifies regulatory safeguards for Indonesia's Measured Fishing Policy. Findings: UNCLOS and UNFSA require science-based conservation, precaution, cooperation, monitoring, and adaptive adjustment, but do not mandate private ownership, transferability, or quota markets. Commodification develops cumulatively through domestic choices concerning exclusivity, security, duration, divisibility, leasing, transferability, capitalisation, and concentration. Iceland and New Zealand demonstrate stronger legal and market commodification while retaining formal public authority over catch limits. Indonesia remains closer to an administrative allocation model, although unequal access to capital, information, infrastructure, contracts, and bureaucratic capacity may generate functional commodification. The Conservation-Commodification Continuum framework shows that each country's position depends on the balance between rights strength, market intensity, access and rent distribution, and State corrective capacity. Originality/Novelty: This research develops the Conservation-Commodification Continuum as a multidimensional diagnostic framework integrating international law, property-rights analysis, common-pool resource governance, and Blue Justice. Its theoretical contribution connects international normative dimensions with domestic institutional choices and distributive effects. Its practical contribution formulates conditional, reviewable, transparent, and socially protective regulatory safeguards for Indonesia's Measured Fishing Policy.

Indonesian

Latar Belakang: Perikanan tangkap menghadapi tantangan serius akibat eksploitasi berlebih yang mendorong berbagai negara mengadopsi sistem pengelolaan berbasis kuota. Meskipun sistem ini dirancang untuk mendukung keberlanjutan sumber daya, perkembangan hak penangkapan yang semakin dapat diperdagangkan memunculkan perdebatan mengenai komodifikasi sumber daya perikanan dan implikasinya terhadap keadilan akses. Metodologi: Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif komparatif berbasis data sekunder melalui analisis kebijakan, process tracing, dan analisis tematik terhadap regulasi, dokumen kebijakan, laporan internasional, serta literatur akademik terkait. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis evolusi tata kelola perikanan berbasis kuota di Indonesia, Islandia, dan Selandia Baru serta menjelaskan bagaimana sistem kuota bergerak dari instrumen konservasi menuju mekanisme yang semakin dipengaruhi logika pasar. Temuan: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa evolusi sistem kuota ditentukan oleh interaksi antara penguatan hak kepemilikan, tingkat transferabilitas kuota, dominasi mekanisme pasar, dan perlindungan terhadap keadilan sosial. Sistem kuota terbukti meningkatkan efektivitas konservasi dan efisiensi ekonomi, tetapi juga berpotensi mendorong konsentrasi hak akses dan akumulasi rente pada aktor tertentu. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa konservasi dan komodifikasi berkembang secara simultan dalam suatu spektrum kelembagaan. Orisinalitas/Keunikan: Originalitas penelitian terletak pada pengembangan model Conservation–Commodification Continuum yang menjelaskan variasi lintasan evolusi rezim kuota. Secara teoritis, penelitian ini mengintegrasikan perspektif sumber daya milik bersama, hak kepemilikan, ekonomi politik sumber daya alam, dan keadilan biru dalam satu kerangka analitis. Secara praktis, penelitian ini menyediakan dasar konseptual untuk menilai arah implementasi Penangkapan Ikan Terukur di Indonesia.

Keywords

• blue justice
• harvesting entitlements
• measured fishing policy
• coastal-state authority
• regulatory safeguards.
• Hak Akses Sumber Daya
• Transferabilitas Kuota
• Keadilan Distributif
• Komodifikasi Sumber Daya
• Ekonomi Biru