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Bone strength analyzer and monitoring device for lower limb external fixation

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) · Vol. 16 No. 4 (2026)

DOI
10.11591/ijece.v16i4.pp1778-1791
ISSN
2722-2578, 2088-8708
Published
2026-08-01
Publisher
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

The procedure for external fixator removal in lower limb fractures is typically based on radiographic data, subjects’ patients to ionising radiation, and provides minimal real-time information about the healing process. This project suggests a sensor-based Internet-of-Things apparatus, which will measure bone strength during the recuperating process based on load cells, HX711 amplifiers, and a Wemos ESP8266 microcontroller. The system provides real-time feedback in the form of LED indicators and a buzzer, whereas remote monitoring is supported by the Blynk dashboard. Measurement accuracy of over 90% was carried out as per the experimental validation conducted under the simulation of various loads (3-9 kg) and with clear stage indicators of critical, partial, and full recovery. The device offers continuous monitoring and objective bone healing evaluation with no radiation in comparison to conventional imaging. The limitation of the study is the limited range of loads in prototype testing, which could affect accuracy in particular situations. However, the results represent the possible clinical relevance of introducing real-time biomechanical surveillance into the process of fracture treatment, hence contributing to safer rehabilitation and more reasonable decisions related to the fixator removal.

Collaboration network of the authors

19 authors · 51 co-authorship links · 22 across different organisations

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  • Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
  • Universiti Putra Malaysia
  • University of Technology Malaysia
  • Tishk International University
  • Taiz University
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Yasir HashimTishk International University2
Hadi ManapUniversiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah2
Ahmed MahmoodUniversiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah1
Akram A. AlmohammediUniversiti Putra Malaysia1
Nor Kamariah NoordinUniversiti Putra Malaysia1
Aduwati Binti SaliUniversiti Putra Malaysia1
Fazirulhisyam HashimUniversiti Putra Malaysia1
Sabri SaeedTaiz University1
Yousif AtallaUniversiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah1
Abdul Nasir Abd. GhafarAffiliation unknown1
A. HadiUniversiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah1
Nurulain ShaipuzamanUniversiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah1
Mohd Rashidi SalimUniversity of Technology Malaysia1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

This record comes from Crossref (what the publisher deposited), because the journal's own OAI-PMH endpoint could not be harvested.

Metadata source: Crossref API (cadangan, berdasarkan ISSN) https://api.crossref.org/journals/2088-8708/works, first harvested 27 Okt 2026, last seen 27 Okt 2026.
Metadata as oai_dc, converted from Crossref
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/"><dc:title>Bone strength analyzer and monitoring device for lower limb external fixation</dc:title><dc:creator>Babu, Devin</dc:creator><dc:creator>Jabbar, Waheb A.</dc:creator><dc:creator>Rosle, Muhammad Hisyam</dc:creator><dc:creator>Sulaiman, Noorazliza</dc:creator><dc:creator>Mohd Aspar, Mohd Amir Shahlan</dc:creator><dc:creator>Nasir, Abdul</dc:creator><dc:description>&lt;jats:p&gt;The procedure for external fixator removal in lower limb fractures is typically based on radiographic data, subjects’ patients to ionising radiation, and provides minimal real-time information about the healing process. This project suggests a sensor-based Internet-of-Things apparatus, which will measure bone strength during the recuperating process based on load cells, HX711 amplifiers, and a Wemos ESP8266 microcontroller. The system provides real-time feedback in the form of LED indicators and a buzzer, whereas remote monitoring is supported by the Blynk dashboard. Measurement accuracy of over 90% was carried out as per the experimental validation conducted under the simulation of various loads (3-9 kg) and with clear stage indicators of critical, partial, and full recovery. The device offers continuous monitoring and objective bone healing evaluation with no radiation in comparison to conventional imaging. The limitation of the study is the limited range of loads in prototype testing, which could affect accuracy in particular situations. However, the results represent the possible clinical relevance of introducing real-time biomechanical surveillance into the process of fracture treatment, hence contributing to safer rehabilitation and more reasonable decisions related to the fixator removal.&lt;/jats:p&gt;</dc:description><dc:publisher>Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science</dc:publisher><dc:date>2026-08-01</dc:date><dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type><dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format><dc:identifier>https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v16i4.pp1778-1791</dc:identifier><dc:identifier>10.11591/ijece.v16i4.pp1778-1791</dc:identifier><dc:source>International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE); Vol 16 No 4 (2026); 1778</dc:source><dc:source>2722-2578</dc:source><dc:source>2088-8708</dc:source><dc:relation>https://ijece.iaescore.com/index.php/IJECE/article/viewFile/41722/18811</dc:relation><dc:rights>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights></oai_dc:dc>