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Influence of Nickel and Aluminum in Bentonite for Ethanol-to-Gasoline Reaction

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis · Vol. ume (2026) · hlm. 112–127

DOI
10.9767/bcrec.20502
ISSN
1978-2993
Terbit
2026-04-30
Penerbit
Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Bentonite can be used as a catalyst due to its flexible structure. However, it has several drawbacks, including low thermal and hydrothermal stability, as well as a small surface area and pore volume. This study aims to modify the structure of bentonite using the pillared clay (PILC) method, in order to improve its physicochemical properties and catalytic activity. The bentonite was pillared with aluminium (Al/PILC), nickel (Ni/PILC), and a combination of both metals (Al-Ni/PILC). Catalyst characterization was carried out using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Surface Area Analyzer (SAA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Temperature Programmed Desorption of Ammonia (TPD-NH₃), Thermogravimetric Analysis-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA-DSC), and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID). XRD analysis showed an increase in the interlayer spacing, the largest basal spacing is observed in Al/PILC. XRF results indicated an increase in the composition of Al₂O₃ and NiO in all four catalysts. SAA analysis demonstrated an increase in surface area and pore volume across the catalysts, the highest surface area is exhibited by Al/PILC (187.83 m2/g), while the largest pore diameter is observed in Al-Ni/PILC (12.83 nm). The acidity analysis using TPD-NH₃ shows that Al/PILC possesses the highest acidity value of 2.34 mmol/g. The presence of Brønsted acid sites was confirmed through FTIR analysis. TGA-DSC analysis indicated an improvement in the thermal stability of all tested catalysts. The Al/PILC catalyst showed the best performance at 150 °C. When the reaction temperature was increased to 250 °C, the Al-Ni/PILC catalyst demonstrated the highest efficiency in the ethanol-to-gasoline conversion process. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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Isalmi AzizAfiliasi tidak diketahui7
Egi AgustianAfiliasi tidak diketahui7
Novia Dwi RahmawatiUniversitas Hasyim Asy'ari4
Indri YatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
Najiah Sephia MaharaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
Yati MaryatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
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Muhammad Al MuttaqiiAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Novia NoviaTadulako University2
Roni MaryanaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Wan Ryan AsriAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Fitri HadiahAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Lisa AdhaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
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Rafly RiyandiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Rika Tri YunartiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Sigit PriatmokoState University of Semarang1
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Yeni Fitriana JayantiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Fahma RiyantiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
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Aditia Nur BaktiNational Research and Innovation Agency1
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Andreas AndreasAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Influence of Nickel and Aluminum in Bentonite for Ethanol-to-Gasoline Reaction</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Widjaya, Robert Ronal</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Siregar, Yusraini D. I.</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Nabillah, Syifa H.</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Rinaldi, Nino</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Simanungkalit, Sabar P.</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Prasetyo, Joni</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Dwiatmoko, Adid Adep</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Catalysis; Pillared Clay (PILC); Bimetallic oxide; Ethanol; Gasoline</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Bentonite can be used as a catalyst due to its flexible structure. However, it has several drawbacks, including low thermal and hydrothermal stability, as well as a small surface area and pore volume. This study aims to modify the structure of bentonite using the pillared clay (PILC) method, in order to improve its physicochemical properties and catalytic activity. The bentonite was pillared with aluminium (Al/PILC), nickel (Ni/PILC), and a combination of both metals (Al-Ni/PILC). Catalyst characterization was carried out using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Surface Area Analyzer (SAA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Temperature Programmed Desorption of Ammonia (TPD-NH₃), Thermogravimetric Analysis-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA-DSC), and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID). XRD analysis showed an increase in the interlayer spacing, the largest basal spacing is observed in Al/PILC. XRF results indicated an increase in the composition of Al₂O₃ and NiO in all four catalysts. SAA analysis demonstrated an increase in surface area and pore volume across the catalysts, the highest surface area is exhibited by Al/PILC (187.83 m2/g), while the largest pore diameter is observed in Al-Ni/PILC (12.83 nm). The acidity analysis using TPD-NH₃ shows that Al/PILC possesses the highest acidity value of 2.34 mmol/g. The presence of Brønsted acid sites was confirmed through FTIR analysis. TGA-DSC analysis indicated an improvement in the thermal stability of all tested catalysts. The Al/PILC catalyst showed the best performance at 150 °C. When the reaction temperature was increased to 250 °C, the Al-Ni/PILC catalyst demonstrated the highest efficiency in the ethanol-to-gasoline conversion process. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-04-30</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
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	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/20502</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.9767/bcrec.20502</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering &amp; Catalysis; 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 1 Year 2026 (April 2026); 112-127</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1978-2993</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/20502/9876</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/downloadSuppFile/20502/5884</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/downloadSuppFile/20502/5885</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/downloadSuppFile/20502/5886</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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