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Colorimetric Response of pH Indicator Dye Solutions and Labels to Ammonia Gas Exposure for Smart Packaging Applications

Indonesian Food Science and Technology Journal · Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026) · hlm. 265–272

DOI
10.22437/ifstj.v9i2.47837
ISSN
2615-367X
Terbit
2026-07-28
Penerbit
Department of Technology of Agricultural product (THP) Jambi University
Bahasa
en
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstrak

Frozen fishery products in the cold supply chain require fast, accurate, and real-time quality monitoring systems. Ammonia gas (NH3) generated from protein degradation is a key spoilage indicator in these products. This study evaluates the colorimetric sensitivity of pH indicator dye solutions and colour labels upon exposure to ammonia gas (230–700 ppm) as part of efforts to develop colour-changing smart labels for food quality monitoring. Seven dye systems were screened as solutions: single dyes (BTB, MR, BCP, BPB) and combinations (AB = BTB+MR; CB = BCP+MR; DBA = BPB+MR+BTB). Based on screening results, five label formulations (BCP, MR, CB1 = BCP:MR 2:1, CB2 = BCP:MR 1:1, and BCP+PP = BCP:Phenolphthalein 2:1) were subsequently prepared on filter paper and evaluated. Parameters observed included total colour change (∆E), individual colour coordinates (L*, a*, b*), and pH change over 60 minutes. Results showed that BCP solution had the highest ∆E value (13.81), while MR solution exhibited the greatest pH increase (up to 6.37). For label applications, MR and CB2 provided the best overall performance, combining ∆E stability (R2 up to 0.88, MAPE <10%) with appropriate pH responsiveness. The BCP label showed the most rapid and pronounced visual colour change from the initial minutes of exposure. These findings demonstrate that the combination of ∆E sensitivity and pH response constitutes a crucial basis for selecting dyes for ammonia indicator labels in smart packaging systems. This study contributes a systematic, quantitative screening framework for dye selection, integrating colorimetric modelling and pH analysis for the development of NH3-responsive smart labels.

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  • Bandung Institute of Technology
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  • Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University
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  • Sumatera Institute of Technology
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Yogi Wibisono BudhiBandung Institute of Technology5
Anton IrawanSultan Ageng Tirtayasa University3
Subagjo SubagjoBandung Institute of Technology3
Mohammad EffendyBandung Institute of Technology3
Hafid AlwanSultan Ageng Tirtayasa University2
Teguh KurniawanSultan Ageng Tirtayasa University2
Agus SetiyonoIPB University2
Tjokorde Walmiki SamadhiBandung Institute of Technology2
Nastiti Siswi IndrastiIPB University2
Aldyanza Yusuf Shyna IskandarAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Riris OctaviasariAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ade IskandarIPB University1
Indah YuliasihIPB University1
Asep Bayu Dani NandiyantoIndonesia University of Education1
Darisman DarismanSultan Ageng Tirtayasa University1
Dina PujiantiSultan Ageng Tirtayasa University1
Muhammad Saifullah Abu BakarUniversiti Brunei Darussalam1
Titi Candra SunartiIPB University1
Akhmad Endang Zainal HasanIPB University1
Djumali MangunwidjajaIPB University1
Aprilina PurbasariDiponegoro University1
IGBN MakertiharthaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Luqman BuchoriDiponegoro University1
Muhammad Dani SupardanUniversitas Syiah Kuala1
N. A. SutrisniningrumBandung Institute of Technology1
D. SantianiBandung Institute of Technology1
Renanto RenantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Wahono SumaryonoBadan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi1
Achmad RoesyadiInstitut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember1
Semuel Pati SendaInstitut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember1
Vita WonoputriBandung Institute of Technology1
Abdullah Nur AzizJenderal Soedirman University1
Yul Yunazwin NazaruddinBandung Institute of Technology1
Parsaulian Ishaya SiregarBandung Institute of Technology1
Pasymi PasymiBandung Institute of Technology1
Made Tri Ari Penia KresnowatiBandung Institute of Technology1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/index.php/ifstj/oai, pertama di-harvest 6 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Colorimetric Response of pH Indicator Dye Solutions and Labels to Ammonia Gas Exposure for Smart Packaging Applications</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Susanti Thamrin, Elfa</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Warsiki, Endang</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Bindar, Yazid</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Suparno, Ono</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Indicator dye</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">ammonia gas</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">∆E</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">pH</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">smart label</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Frozen fishery products in the cold supply chain require fast, accurate, and real-time quality monitoring systems. Ammonia gas (NH3) generated from protein degradation is a key spoilage indicator in these products. This study evaluates the colorimetric sensitivity of pH indicator dye solutions and colour labels upon exposure to ammonia gas (230–700 ppm) as part of efforts to develop colour-changing smart labels for food quality monitoring. Seven dye systems were screened as solutions: single dyes (BTB, MR, BCP, BPB) and combinations (AB = BTB+MR; CB = BCP+MR; DBA = BPB+MR+BTB). Based on screening results, five label formulations (BCP, MR, CB1 = BCP:MR 2:1, CB2 = BCP:MR 1:1, and BCP+PP = BCP:Phenolphthalein 2:1) were subsequently prepared on filter paper and evaluated. Parameters observed included total colour change (∆E), individual colour coordinates (L*, a*, b*), and pH change over 60 minutes. Results showed that BCP solution had the highest ∆E value (13.81), while MR solution exhibited the greatest pH increase (up to 6.37). For label applications, MR and CB2 provided the best overall performance, combining ∆E stability (R2 up to 0.88, MAPE &amp;lt;10%) with appropriate pH responsiveness. The BCP label showed the most rapid and pronounced visual colour change from the initial minutes of exposure. These findings demonstrate that the combination of ∆E sensitivity and pH response constitutes a crucial basis for selecting dyes for ammonia indicator labels in smart packaging systems. This study contributes a systematic, quantitative screening framework for dye selection, integrating colorimetric modelling and pH analysis for the development of NH3-responsive smart labels.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Department of Technology of Agricultural product (THP) Jambi University</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-07-28</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/ifstj/article/view/47837</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.22437/ifstj.v9i2.47837</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Indonesian Food Science and Technology Journal; Vol. 9 No. 2 (2026): Volume 9 Number 2, July 2026 |IFSTJ| ; 265-272</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2615-367X</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/ifstj/article/view/47837/25235</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Food Science and Technology Journal</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>