Developing students’ numeracy and mathematical abstraction requires learning environments that meaningfully connect formal mathematics with learners’ cultural experiences while supporting progressive conceptual development. Although Virtual Reality (VR), ethnomathematics, and Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) have each demonstrated potential to enrich mathematics learning, empirically validated design principles for integrating these approaches remain scarce. This study addressed this gap by developing and evaluating a VR-based Ethno-Realistic Mathematics Education (Ethno-RME) e-module grounded in Baduy cultural practices to enhance students’ numeracy and mathematical abstraction while generating transferable instructional design principles. An Educational Design Research (EDR) methodology was implemented through iterative cycles of problem analysis, prototype development, expert validation, formative classroom evaluation, and refinement, followed by a quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group design involving 72 eighth-grade students (36 experimental and 36 control) during a six-week intervention. The iterative design process generated four complementary principles: contextualizing mathematical tasks through authentic Baduy cultural practices, supporting progressive abstraction with immersive VR representations, scaffolding transitions from concrete experiences to symbolic reasoning through the RME learning trajectory, and embedding adaptive reflective tasks to strengthen conceptual development. Expert evaluation confirmed strong content validity (Aiken’s V ≥.80; S-CVI =.93), and the instruments demonstrated high reliability (α =.83; κ =.87). Compared with the control group, students receiving the Ethno-RME intervention achieved significantly higher learning outcomes (posttest M = 82.1 vs. 65.3; N-gain =.72; ANCOVA: F(1,69) = 28.47, p
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· 12 across different organisations
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Universitas Mathla'ul Anwar Banten
Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Syekh Manshur
Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University
Universitas La Tansa Mashiro
Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University Yogyakarta
Michigan State University
IKIP Siliwangi
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