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Alginate and Spirulina Vast-Promoting Immune Activity and Resistance to Diverse Vibrio Species in Litopenaeus vannamei Culture

ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences · Vol. 31 No. 1 (2026) · pp. 49–60

DOI
10.14710/ik.ijms.31.1.49-60
ISSN
2406-7598, 0853-7291
Published
2026-03-01
Publisher
Marine Science Department Diponegoro University
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

Litopenaeus vannamei is a key species in global aquaculture; however, its susceptibility to vibriosis presents a persistent challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with alginate and Spirulina hot water extract (SWE) on the immune response and gene expression associated with pathogen resistance. Shrimp fed diets containing 3 g·kg⁻¹ of alginate and 5 mg·kg⁻¹ of SWE exhibited marked improvements in immune parameters, including total hemocyte count, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, phenoloxidase activity, and superoxide dismutase levels, as measured on days 3 and 7 (P< 0.05). Following challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. harveyi, treated shrimp demonstrated a 90% survival rate compared to 0% in the control group. Gene expression analysis revealed a 2-fold and 1.5-fold upregulation of prophenoloxidase (proPO) and lipopolysaccharide β-glucan binding protein (LGBP), respectively, indicating the activation of the proPO cascade and pathogen recognition pathways. These results provide direct evidence that alginate and SWE act as immunostimulants by modulating hemocyte function and immune-related gene expression. The findings of the present study suggest that oral supplementation with these natural bioactive compounds can serve as a functional dietary strategy to enhance disease resilience in shrimp and promote more sustainable aquaculture systems, in seven days period.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 143 co-authorship links · showing the 40 most connected

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  • Diponegoro University
  • Affiliation unknown
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Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Rabia AlghazeerAffiliation unknown10
OCKY KARNA RADJASAAffiliation unknown7
Subagiyo SubagiyoAffiliation unknown5
Agus SabdonoDiponegoro University4
Ali DjunaediAffiliation unknown4
Sri SedjatiAffiliation unknown4
Adi SantosoAffiliation unknown4
Mostafa Imhmed IghwerbAffiliation unknown3
Ambariyanto AmbariyantoAffiliation unknown3
Delianis PringgeniesDiponegoro University3
Liga InsaniAffiliation unknown3
Anik KusmiatunAffiliation unknown3
Ita WidowatiAffiliation unknown3
Jelita Rahma HidayatiAffiliation unknown3
JOHANNES HUTABARATAffiliation unknown3
Rudhi PribadiAffiliation unknown3
Sunaryo SunaryoAffiliation unknown3
Bambang YuliantoAffiliation unknown3
Endang Sri SusiloAffiliation unknown2
Suryono SuryonoAffiliation unknown2
Muhammad HelmiDiponegoro University2
Parichat WetchayontAffiliation unknown2
Restiana Wisnu AriyatiAffiliation unknown2
Retno HartatiAffiliation unknown2
Retno MurwaniAffiliation unknown2
Khoeruddin WittriansyahAffiliation unknown2
Mada Triandala SiberoAffiliation unknown2
Muhammad Syaifudien BahryDiponegoro University2
Ayunda Ainun NisaAffiliation unknown2
Rini WidyadmiAffiliation unknown1
Endra WijayaAffiliation unknown1
Eko Nurcahya DewiAffiliation unknown1
Tri Winarni AgustiniAffiliation unknown1
Hafni RahmawatiAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijms/oai, first harvested 8 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Alginate and Spirulina Vast-Promoting Immune Activity and Resistance to Diverse Vibrio Species in Litopenaeus vannamei Culture</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Yudiati, Ervia</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Trianto, Agus</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Sarjito, Sarjito</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Utami, Diah Ayu Satyari</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Karim, Murni</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Azhar, Nuril</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Alginate; Immune; Gene Expression; Shrimp; Spirulina; Vibrio</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Litopenaeus vannamei is a key species in global aquaculture; however, its susceptibility to vibriosis presents a persistent challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with alginate and Spirulina hot water extract (SWE) on the immune response and gene expression associated with pathogen resistance. Shrimp fed diets containing 3 g·kg⁻¹ of alginate and 5 mg·kg⁻¹ of SWE exhibited marked improvements in immune parameters, including total hemocyte count, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, phenoloxidase activity, and superoxide dismutase levels, as measured on days 3 and 7 (P&lt; 0.05). Following challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, and V. harveyi, treated shrimp demonstrated a 90% survival rate compared to 0% in the control group. Gene expression analysis revealed a 2-fold and 1.5-fold upregulation of prophenoloxidase (proPO) and lipopolysaccharide β-glucan binding protein (LGBP), respectively, indicating the activation of the proPO cascade and pathogen recognition pathways. These results provide direct evidence that alginate and SWE act as immunostimulants by modulating hemocyte function and immune-related gene expression. The findings of the present study suggest that oral supplementation with these natural bioactive compounds can serve as a functional dietary strategy to enhance disease resilience in shrimp and promote more sustainable aquaculture systems, in seven days period.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Marine Science Department Diponegoro University</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-03-01</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US"></dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijms/article/view/80383</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.14710/ik.ijms.31.1.49-60</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences; Vol 31, No 1 (2026): Ilmu Kelautan; 49-60</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2406-7598</dc:source>
	<dc:source>0853-7291</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijms/article/view/80383/pdf</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>