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Optimization of the epoxidation reaction of Calophyllum inophyllum oil-based epoxy

Molekul: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia · Vol. 21 No. 1 (2026) · pp. 41–48

DOI
10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.12176
ISSN
2503-0310, 1907-9761
Published
2026-03-31
Publisher
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
Language
eng

Abstract

ABSTRACT. Epoxy is synthesized through an epoxidation reaction, namely the oxidation of double bonds by active oxygen to form an oxirane ring. Generally, epoxy is synthesized from petroleum-derived raw materials which are non-renewable energy sources. Vegetable oils which contain unsaturated bonds can be used as alternative raw materials for producing epoxy. In this research, Calophyllum inophyllum oil (the local name is nyamplung), which is a non-edible and non-commercial vegetable oil, was used as a feedstock in the preparation of epoxy. Epoxidation takes place in situ, namely performic acid which reacts with nyamplung oil is produced from the reaction between HCOOH and H2O2, and is catalyzed by sulfuric acid simultaneously. The indicators in this epoxidation reaction are the oxirane oxygen content (OOC) and the relative conversion to oxirane (RCO). The optimum epoxidation conditions obtained are duration of epoxidation of 6 h, ratio of oil:HCOOH:H2O2 is 1:3:4 (mole/mole), and epoxidation temperature of 45 °C. The product was characterized using FTIR and NMR. Keywords: Calophyllum inophyllum oil; epoxidation; epoxy; oxirane oxygen content

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 87 co-authorship links · 14 across different organisations · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • State University of Malang
  • Universitas Halu Oleo
  • Sebelas Maret University
  • Universitas Muhammadiyah Kendari
  • Muhammadiyah University Purwokerto
  • Yogyakarta State University
  • Indonesian Institute of Sciences
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Ramadhita RamadhitaAffiliation unknown5
Syabbul BachriAffiliation unknown5
Muhamad Galang IsnawanAffiliation unknown4
Naif Mastoor AlsulamiAffiliation unknown4
Ni Komang Tri DharmayaniAffiliation unknown3
Emmy YuanitaAffiliation unknown3
Cholis Sa’dijahState University of Malang2
Ni Made SudewianingsihAffiliation unknown2
Wanda Nugroho YanuartoMuhammadiyah University Purwokerto2
Ebenezer BonyahAffiliation unknown2
Yusnaeni YusnaeniAffiliation unknown2
Didik SukrionoAffiliation unknown2
Alfan BramantyaAffiliation unknown2
Subanji SubanjiState University of Malang1
Indriati Nurul HidayahState University of Malang1
Yokhebed YokhebedSebelas Maret University1
Sutarno SutarnoIndonesian Institute of Sciences1
Mohammad MasykuriSebelas Maret University1
Baskoro Adi PrayitnoSebelas Maret University1
Azizah Naha'wanAffiliation unknown1
La Ode TuriAffiliation unknown1
Murni NiaUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Wilda NingsihAffiliation unknown1
laode TuriAffiliation unknown1
Muh Syafa AbdullahAffiliation unknown1
Yasnani YasnaniUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Asnia ZainuddinUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Fithria FithriaUniversitas Halu Oleo1
A. PurwantoYogyakarta State University1
didik purwiyantoAffiliation unknown1
B A SetionoAffiliation unknown1
Muh. RusmayadiAffiliation unknown1
Samsuriadi SamsuriadiAffiliation unknown1
Jenisus O. DejarloAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jm/oai, first harvested 9 Nov 2026, last seen 9 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US"> Optimization of the epoxidation reaction of Calophyllum inophyllum oil-based epoxy</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Suhendra, Dedy</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Sudirman, Sudirman</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Murniati, Murniati</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Handayani, Sri Seno</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Iswari, Ni Kadek Suardani</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Gunawan, Erin Ryantin</dc:creator>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">ABSTRACT. Epoxy is synthesized through an epoxidation reaction, namely the oxidation of double bonds by active oxygen to form an oxirane ring. Generally, epoxy is synthesized from petroleum-derived raw materials which are non-renewable energy sources. Vegetable oils which contain unsaturated bonds can be used as alternative raw materials for producing epoxy. In this research, Calophyllum inophyllum oil (the local name is nyamplung), which is a non-edible and non-commercial vegetable oil, was used as a feedstock in the preparation of epoxy. Epoxidation takes place in situ, namely performic acid which reacts with nyamplung oil is produced from the reaction between HCOOH and H2O2, and is catalyzed by sulfuric acid simultaneously. The indicators in this epoxidation reaction are the oxirane oxygen content (OOC) and the relative conversion to oxirane (RCO). The optimum epoxidation conditions obtained are duration of epoxidation of 6 h, ratio of oil:HCOOH:H2O2 is 1:3:4 (mole/mole), and epoxidation temperature of 45 °C. The product was characterized using FTIR and NMR.
&amp;nbsp;
Keywords: Calophyllum inophyllum oil; epoxidation; epoxy; oxirane oxygen content</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Jenderal Soedirman</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
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	<dc:identifier>https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jm/article/view/12176</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20884/1.jm.2026.21.1.12176</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Molekul; Vol 21 No 1 (2026); 41-48</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2503-0310</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1907-9761</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jm/article/view/12176/8032</dc:relation>
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