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“DEFENDS” as An Effective Writing Strategy to Create Students Creativity

International Journal of Language Teaching and Education · Vol. 3 No. 1 (2019) · pp. 67–77

DOI
10.22437/ijolte.v3i1.7146
ISSN
2598-2303, 2614-1191
Published
2019-07-24
Publisher
Universitas Jambi, Magister Program of English Education Department
Language
en

Abstract

In the educational process, specifically in the classroom, students must be able to produce good writing in academic writing that is relevant to the topic that is given or determined by the teacher. Most students get difficulty in learning writing moreover producing good writing. Teachers need to help the students build their habits of writing creatively. DEFENDS, a strategy that was developed by Ellis (1989,1990,1993) can help students to defend a particular position in a written assignment, improve writing strategies, facilitate writing process, and strengthen learning to learn writing skill. DEFENDS strategy gives students the means to plan before they begin writing. This strategy guides students to be an independent writer through several stages (Decide, Estimate, Figure, Express, Note, Drive, and Search). Students are demanded to have not only language skill but also other factors such as creativity. Creativity gives a contribution in education field nowadays, the issue of creativity has brought to the forefront of educational policy and practice, including the importance of creativity in writing. Research dealing with creativity in writing is needed. This research was an experimental design called post-test design using 2x2 factorial arrangements. The sample was high school students. Two instruments used by the researcher; those were writing test and creativity test. The value of Ftable at the level of significance is α = 0.05 is 4.01, while the value of Fo between columns is 5.734141. Fo between rows (16.5821) is higher than Ft at the level of significance α = 0.05 (4.01), and Fo columns by rows (9.21) are higher than Ft at the level of significance α = 0.05 (4.01).

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 62 co-authorship links · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • State University of Semarang
  • Sebelas Maret University
  • University of Brawijaya
  • Cenderawasih University
  • Yogyakarta State University
  • Universitas Jember
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Ngadiso NgadisoAffiliation unknown2
Djabir HamzahAffiliation unknown1
M. Ilham Eka PutraAffiliation unknown1
Anjelina Frisca Junita PontoAffiliation unknown1
Muh. Idrus TabaAffiliation unknown1
Sigit SaptonoState University of Semarang1
Sri NgabektiState University of Semarang1
Dwi OktaliaAffiliation unknown1
Anggri MuhtiaAffiliation unknown1
Suparno SuparnoAffiliation unknown1
Widyani SolihatAffiliation unknown1
Maria Leswinda WulanAffiliation unknown1
N. A. DrajatiAffiliation unknown1
Diah KristinaSebelas Maret University1
E. T. KarmalaAffiliation unknown1
Nur Arifah DrajatiAffiliation unknown1
Stefanie Nike NurtjahyoAffiliation unknown1
Zahrotun HanifahAffiliation unknown1
SuparnoAffiliation unknown1
Eni KurniaAffiliation unknown1
Ahmad MuhibbinAffiliation unknown1
Ika TrisnawatiAffiliation unknown1
Eko BudionoAffiliation unknown1
Andang SetiadiAffiliation unknown1
Nunun BarunawatiUniversity of Brawijaya1
Dina WahyuAffiliation unknown1
Hermawan HermawanAffiliation unknown1
Purwanto PurwantoCenderawasih University1
Didi Dwi AnggoroAffiliation unknown1
Ali MustadiYogyakarta State University1
Enny ZubaidahAffiliation unknown1
Muamaroh MuamarohAffiliation unknown1
Deni Pandu NugrahaAffiliation unknown1
Faozan AmarAffiliation unknown1
Wahyuni Apri AstutiAffiliation unknown1
Dahroni DahroniAffiliation unknown1
Khairul AnamUniversitas Jember1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/index.php/IJoLTE/oai, first harvested 6 Nov 2026, last seen 8 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc)
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">“DEFENDS” as An Effective Writing Strategy to Create Students Creativity</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Fathoni, Mu'alim Ibnu</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Sumardi, Sumardi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Supriyadi, Slamet </dc:creator>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">In the educational process, specifically in the classroom, students must be able to produce good writing in academic writing that is relevant to the topic that is given or determined by the teacher. Most students get difficulty in learning writing moreover producing good writing. Teachers need to help the students build their habits of writing creatively. DEFENDS, a strategy that was developed by Ellis (1989,1990,1993) can help students to defend a particular position in a written assignment, improve writing strategies, facilitate writing process, and strengthen learning to learn writing skill. DEFENDS strategy gives students the means to plan before they begin writing. This strategy guides students to be an independent writer through several stages (Decide, Estimate, Figure, Express, Note, Drive, and Search). Students are demanded to have not only language skill but also other factors such as creativity. Creativity gives a contribution in education field nowadays, the issue of creativity has brought to the forefront of educational policy and practice, including the importance of creativity in writing. Research dealing with creativity in writing is needed. This research was an experimental design called post-test design using 2x2 factorial arrangements. The sample was high school students. Two instruments used by the researcher; those were writing test and creativity test. The value of Ftable at the level of significance is α = 0.05 is 4.01, while the value of Fo between columns is 5.734141. Fo between rows (16.5821) is higher than Ft at the level of significance α = 0.05 (4.01), and Fo columns by rows (9.21) are higher than Ft at the level of significance α = 0.05 (4.01).</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Jambi, Magister Program of English Education Department</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2019-07-24</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Research Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/IJoLTE/article/view/7146</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.22437/ijolte.v3i1.7146</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">International Journal of Language Teaching and Education; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2019): Volume 3, Nomor 1, Juli 2019 ; 67-77</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2598-2303</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2614-1191</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/IJoLTE/article/view/7146/9616</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2019 International Journal of Language Teaching and Education</dc:rights>
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