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Aktivitas antioksidan Haematococcus pluvialis yang diekstrak secara berurutan menggunakan beberapa uji in vitro: Aktivitas antioksidan Haematococcus pluvialis yang diekstrak secara berurutan menggunakan beberapa uji in vitro

Antioxidant activity of sequentially extracted Haematococcus pluvialis using multiple in vitro assays: Aktivitas antioksidan Haematococcus pluvialis yang diekstrak secara berurutan menggunakan beberapa uji in vitro

Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia · Vol. 29 No. 1 (2026)

DOI
10.17844/2b3avr58
ISSN
2354-886X, 2303-2111
Published
2026-02-08
Publisher
Department of Aquatic Product Technology IPB University in collaboration with Masyarakat Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia (MPHPI)
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstract

English

Oxidative stress causes cell damage and various chronic conditions; therefore, natural antioxidants, especially from microalgae, are needed. This study evaluated the antioxidant properties of Haematococcus pluvialis extracts obtained by sequential solvent extraction (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) using ultrasonic-assisted maceration. The extracts were characterized for yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and carotenoid content, and their antioxidant activities were assessed using four in vitro assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and H₂O₂ scavenging). Sequential extraction yielded cumulative recoveries of 56.13% (30.13% n-hexane, 14.93% ethyl acetate, and 11.07% methanol), exceeding single-solvent methanol extraction (47.13%). The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest phenolic (27.87 ± 0.92 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (5.96 ± 0.25 mg QE/g) content and contained the highest pigment concentrations (astaxanthin 4,124.25 ± 60.94 µg/mL; total carotenoids 4,686.65 ± 69.25 µg/mL). Consistently, the ethyl acetate extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity across all assays (DPPH IC₅₀ = 46.71 µg/mL; ABTS IC₅₀ = 35.85 µg/mL; FRAP IC₅₀ = 23.94 µg/mL; H₂O₂ IC₅₀ = 54.64 µg/mL), outperforming the other sequential fractions and the single-solvent methanol extract. These results indicate that semi-polar extraction with ethyl acetate effectively concentrates phenolic, flavonoid, and pigment antioxidants from H. pluvialis. Sequential extraction enhances recovery and facilitates the identification of the most bioactive fraction, supporting the potential use of ethyl acetate extracts as natural antioxidants for nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications.

Indonesian

Stres oksidatif mengakibatkan kerusakan sel dan berbagai kondisi kronis, sehingga dibutuhkan antioksidan alami terutama dari mikroalga. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi sifat antioksidan ekstrak Haematococcus pluvialis yang diperoleh melalui ekstraksi bertingkat dengan pelarut berurutan (n-heksana, etil asetat, metanol) menggunakan maserasi berbantu ultrasonik. Ekstrak dikarakterisasi berdasarkan hasil rendemen, total fenolik, total flavonoid, dan karotenoid. Aktivitas antioksidannya dinilai menggunakan empat uji in vitro (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, dan penangkapan H₂O₂). Ekstraksi bertingkat menghasilkan rendemen kumulatif 56,13% (30,13% n-heksana; 14,93% etil asetat; 11,07% metanol), melebihi ekstraksi pelarut tunggal metanol (47,13%). Fraksi etil asetat menunjukkan fenolik tertinggi (27,87 ± 0,92 mg GAE/g) dan flavonoid tertinggi (5,96 ± 0,25 mg QE/g) serta kandungan pigmen terbesar (astaxanthin 4.124,25 ± 60,94 µg/mL; karotenoid total 4.686,65 ± 69,25 µg/mL). Secara konsisten, ekstrak etil asetat memperlihatkan aktivitas antioksidan terkuat pada semua uji (DPPH IC₅₀ = 46,71 µg/mL; ABTS IC₅₀ = 35,85 µg/mL; FRAP IC₅₀ = 23,94 µg/mL; H₂O₂ IC₅₀ = 54,64 µg/mL), mengungguli fraksi bertingkat lainnya dan ekstrak metanol tunggal. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstraksi semi-polar dengan etil asetat efektif dalam mengkonsentrasikan senyawa fenolik, flavonoid, dan pigmen antioksidan dari H. pluvialis. Ekstraksi bertingkat mampu meningkatkan perolehan dan memudahkan identifikasi fraksi dengan aktivitas biologis tertinggi. Hasil ini mendukung potensi penggunaan ekstrak etil asetat sebagai sumber antioksidan alami untuk aplikasi nutraseutikal, kosmetik, dan farmasi.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 90 co-authorship links · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Diponegoro University
  • Universitas Negeri Surabaya
  • Universitas Halu Oleo
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Eko Nurcahya DewiAffiliation unknown6
Lukita PurnamayatiAffiliation unknown4
Widodo Farid Ma'rufAffiliation unknown3
JOHANNES HUTABARATAffiliation unknown2
Ita WidowatiAffiliation unknown2
A Suhaeli FahmiAffiliation unknown2
Ima WijayantiAffiliation unknown2
Putut Har RiyadiAffiliation unknown2
Khiyarotul AiniyahAffiliation unknown2
Sriwati SriwatiUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Haeruddin Daeng MileAffiliation unknown1
Aziz Nur BambangAffiliation unknown1
Agus SarwonoAffiliation unknown1
Susanna Endah RatnawatiAffiliation unknown1
Bambang Argo WibowoAffiliation unknown1
Nanda Radithia PrasetiawanAffiliation unknown1
Jeri Srinur Eka SaputraAffiliation unknown1
Fiya FirdiyaniAffiliation unknown1
Ardini Ria OktoraAffiliation unknown1
yudhomenggolo sastro darmantoAffiliation unknown1
Putu Har RiyadiAffiliation unknown1
Ulfah AmaliaAffiliation unknown1
Endah Saivira MauliasariAffiliation unknown1
Ayunda Dita WardaniAffiliation unknown1
Eko Nurcahya DewiAffiliation unknown1
Azis Nur BambangDiponegoro University1
Talim SumarnoAffiliation unknown1
Yuliani YulianiUniversitas Negeri Surabaya1
Akhmad Suhaeli FahmiAffiliation unknown1
Erina WulandariAffiliation unknown1
Fifi Atma Nur DianaAffiliation unknown1
Agus TriantoAffiliation unknown1
Hafni RahmawatiAffiliation unknown1
Angelina Sherly Nur PatriciaAffiliation unknown1
Dheandra Pramesti AriakhalistaAffiliation unknown1
Delianis PringgeniesDiponegoro University1
Laode Muhamad Hazairin Nadia HazairinAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jphpi/oai, first harvested 9 Nov 2026, last seen 9 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="id">Aktivitas antioksidan Haematococcus pluvialis yang diekstrak secara berurutan menggunakan beberapa uji in vitro: Aktivitas antioksidan Haematococcus pluvialis yang diekstrak secara berurutan menggunakan beberapa uji in vitro</dc:title>
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Antioxidant activity of sequentially extracted Haematococcus pluvialis using multiple in vitro assays: Aktivitas antioksidan Haematococcus pluvialis yang diekstrak secara berurutan menggunakan beberapa uji in vitro</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Widyatmiko, Johan Yesanto</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Agustini, Tri Winarni </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Susanto, Eko</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">astaxanthin</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">carotenoids</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">ethyl acetate</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">flavonoids</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">phenolic</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="id">astaxanthin</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="id">etil asetat</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="id">fenolik</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="id">flavonoid</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="id">karotenoid</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Oxidative stress causes cell damage and various chronic conditions; therefore, natural antioxidants, especially from microalgae, are needed. This study evaluated the antioxidant properties of Haematococcus pluvialis extracts obtained by sequential solvent extraction (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) using ultrasonic-assisted maceration. The extracts were characterized for yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and carotenoid content, and their antioxidant activities were assessed using four in vitro assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and H₂O₂ scavenging). Sequential extraction yielded cumulative recoveries of 56.13% (30.13% n-hexane, 14.93% ethyl acetate, and 11.07% methanol), exceeding single-solvent methanol extraction (47.13%). The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest phenolic (27.87 ± 0.92 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (5.96 ± 0.25 mg QE/g) content and contained the highest pigment concentrations (astaxanthin 4,124.25 ± 60.94 µg/mL; total carotenoids 4,686.65 ± 69.25 µg/mL). Consistently, the ethyl acetate extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity across all assays (DPPH IC₅₀ = 46.71 µg/mL; ABTS IC₅₀ = 35.85 µg/mL; FRAP IC₅₀ = 23.94 µg/mL; H₂O₂ IC₅₀ = 54.64 µg/mL), outperforming the other sequential fractions and the single-solvent methanol extract. These results indicate that semi-polar extraction with ethyl acetate effectively concentrates phenolic, flavonoid, and pigment antioxidants from H. pluvialis. Sequential extraction enhances recovery and facilitates the identification of the most bioactive fraction, supporting the potential use of ethyl acetate extracts as natural antioxidants for nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications.</dc:description>
	<dc:description xml:lang="id">Stres oksidatif mengakibatkan kerusakan sel dan berbagai kondisi kronis, sehingga dibutuhkan antioksidan alami terutama dari mikroalga. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi sifat antioksidan ekstrak Haematococcus pluvialis yang diperoleh melalui ekstraksi bertingkat dengan pelarut berurutan (n-heksana, etil asetat, metanol) menggunakan maserasi berbantu ultrasonik. Ekstrak dikarakterisasi berdasarkan hasil rendemen, total fenolik, total flavonoid, dan karotenoid. Aktivitas antioksidannya dinilai menggunakan empat uji in vitro (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, dan penangkapan H₂O₂). Ekstraksi bertingkat menghasilkan rendemen kumulatif 56,13% (30,13% n-heksana; 14,93% etil asetat; 11,07% metanol), melebihi ekstraksi pelarut tunggal metanol (47,13%). Fraksi etil asetat menunjukkan fenolik tertinggi (27,87 ± 0,92 mg GAE/g) dan flavonoid tertinggi (5,96 ± 0,25 mg QE/g) serta kandungan pigmen terbesar (astaxanthin 4.124,25 ± 60,94 µg/mL; karotenoid total 4.686,65 ± 69,25 µg/mL). Secara konsisten, ekstrak etil asetat memperlihatkan aktivitas antioksidan terkuat pada semua uji (DPPH IC₅₀ = 46,71 µg/mL; ABTS IC₅₀ = 35,85 µg/mL; FRAP IC₅₀ = 23,94 µg/mL; H₂O₂ IC₅₀ = 54,64 µg/mL), mengungguli fraksi bertingkat lainnya dan ekstrak metanol tunggal. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstraksi semi-polar dengan etil asetat efektif dalam mengkonsentrasikan senyawa fenolik, flavonoid, dan pigmen antioksidan dari H. pluvialis. Ekstraksi bertingkat mampu meningkatkan perolehan dan memudahkan identifikasi fraksi dengan aktivitas biologis tertinggi. Hasil ini mendukung potensi penggunaan ekstrak etil asetat sebagai sumber antioksidan alami untuk aplikasi nutraseutikal, kosmetik, dan farmasi.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Department of Aquatic Product Technology IPB University in collaboration with Masyarakat Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia (MPHPI)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-02-08</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.ipb.ac.id/jphpi/article/view/69102</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.17844/2b3avr58</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="id">Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia; Vol 29 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia 29(1)</dc:source>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia; Vol. 29 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia 29(1)</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2354-886X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2303-2111</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.ipb.ac.id/jphpi/article/view/69102/32630</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Johan Yesanto Widyatmiko, Tri Winarni  Agustini, Eko Susanto</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>