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Paul-Elder Based Student Worksheet as an Evaluation Tool and Development of Critical Thinking Skills: an Experimental Study in High School

International Journal of Active Learning · Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025) · pp. 104–113

ISSN
2528-505X
Published
2025-02-09
Publisher
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Language
eng

Abstract

Critical thinking skills are essential for addressing 21st-century challenges. In the field of education, learning systems are designed to enhance students' abilities to analyze information, evaluate arguments, and make well-reasoned decisions based on rational and logical thinking. This study aims to examine the differences in the application of Paul-Elder-based student worksheets (LKPD) in improving students' critical thinking skills. This research employed an experimental method, using a control group that received Problem-Based Learning (PBL) worksheets and an experimental group that received Paul-Elder-based worksheets as a special treatment. Critical thinking skills data were collected through pre-tests, post-tests, and student worksheets (LKPD). The results showed that the experimental group experienced a more significant improvement in critical thinking skills compared to the control group. The improvement pattern in the experimental group was more systematic, particularly in problem identification, information gathering, and concept comprehension. However, a decline was observed in the conclusion-drawing stage, indicating that students still struggled to formulate accurate conclusions. Meanwhile, in the control group, critical thinking skills developed but followed a less consistent pattern.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

40 authors · 218 co-authorship links · 6 across different organisations · showing the 40 most connected

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • State University of Semarang
  • University of Bremen
  • State University of Makassar
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Sudarmin SudarminAffiliation unknown10
Agung Tri PrasetyaState University of Semarang6
Sri Susilogati SumartiState University of Semarang6
Sri WardaniAffiliation unknown5
Eko Budi SusatyoAffiliation unknown5
Endang SusilaningsihState University of Semarang5
Edy CahyonoState University of Semarang5
Sigit PriatmokoState University of Semarang5
Sri HaryaniAffiliation unknown4
Arif WidiyatmokoState University of Semarang4
Kasmadi Imam SupardiState University of Semarang3
Winarni PratjojoAffiliation unknown3
SRI WAHYUNIAffiliation unknown3
Ellianawati EllianawatiState University of Semarang3
Harjono HarjonoAffiliation unknown3
Jumaeri JumaeriAffiliation unknown3
Nurwachid Budi SantosaAffiliation unknown2
Sri MursitiAffiliation unknown2
Cepi KurniawanState University of Semarang2
Agung Tri PrasetyoAffiliation unknown2
Supartono SupartonoAffiliation unknown2
Saiful RidloState University of Semarang2
Nanik WijayatiState University of Semarang2
Wiyanto WiyantoState University of Semarang2
Bambang SubaliAffiliation unknown2
Murbangun NuswowatiState University of Semarang2
Harjito HarjitoAffiliation unknown2
Siti Herlina DewiState University of Semarang1
Muhammad Firdaus ImaduddinUniversity of Bremen1
Ramlawati RamlawatiState University of Makassar1
Sudarmin SudarminState University of Semarang1
Sri WardaniState University of Semarang1
Dwi Norma GupitasariState University of Semarang1
S. SaptoriniAffiliation unknown1
Dyah Rini IndriyantiState University of Semarang1
Imas IstianiAffiliation unknown1
Muzakki BashoriAffiliation unknown1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijal/oai, first harvested 5 Nov 2026, last seen 5 Nov 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Paul-Elder Based Student Worksheet as an Evaluation Tool and Development of Critical Thinking Skills: an Experimental Study in High School</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Anggreani, Ina </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Sumarni, Woro </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Kadarwati, Sri </dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Critical Thinking Skills, Paul-Elder Framework, Student Worksheet</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Critical thinking skills are essential for addressing 21st-century challenges. In the field of education, learning systems are designed to enhance students' abilities to analyze information, evaluate arguments, and make well-reasoned decisions based on rational and logical thinking. This study aims to examine the differences in the application of Paul-Elder-based student worksheets (LKPD) in improving students' critical thinking skills. This research employed an experimental method, using a control group that received Problem-Based Learning (PBL) worksheets and an experimental group that received Paul-Elder-based worksheets as a special treatment. Critical thinking skills data were collected through pre-tests, post-tests, and student worksheets (LKPD). The results showed that the experimental group experienced a more significant improvement in critical thinking skills compared to the control group. The improvement pattern in the experimental group was more systematic, particularly in problem identification, information gathering, and concept comprehension. However, a decline was observed in the conclusion-drawing stage, indicating that students still struggled to formulate accurate conclusions. Meanwhile, in the control group, critical thinking skills developed but followed a less consistent pattern.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Semarang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-02-09</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijal/article/view/20808</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">International Journal of Active Learning; Vol. 9 No. 2 (2024): October 2024; 104-113</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2528-505X</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/ijal/article/view/20808/2988</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Active Learning</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>